Module 2

Question 1

Archaeal cells

Answer 1

cells of the domain Archaea, are as variable as bacterial cells in size and shape.

Question 2

Bacterial cells

Answer 2

cells of the domain Bacteria, come in a limited assortment of shapes
can be classified by whether they tend to remain attached following cell division

Question 3

Cocci

Answer 3

round

Question 4

bacilli/rods

Answer 4

tube shaped

Question 5

spirochetes

Answer 5

corkscrew

Question 6

spirilla

Answer 6

twisted

Question 7

stalks

Answer 7

anchor bacteria to solid surfaces

Question 8

Characteristic conformations

Answer 8

pairs, chains, clusters

Question 9

Bacteriology

Answer 9

the subdivision of microbiology that studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria.

Question 10

Bacteriophages

Answer 10

viruses that infect bacteria cells.

Question 11

Capsid

Answer 11

a virus coat found as part of a virion

Question 12

Capsules

Answer 12

a layer external to the cell wall in some bacterial cells. Can serve to protect against desiccation, viruses, and toxic agents

Question 13

Cell envelope

Answer 13

material that encases the entire cell. This term encompasses the plasma or cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, and any layers outside the cell wall

Question 14

Cell wall

Answer 14

essential for almost all bacteria as it helps maintain shape and protects the cell from osmotic lysis.

Question 15

Chemotaxis

Answer 15

movement in response to chemical gradients.

Question 16

Cilia

Answer 16

threadlike locomotor appendages extending outward from the plasma membrane and cell wall. Movement occurs in two beats or phases

Question 17

Cytoplasm

Answer 17

the entire component with the cell membrane of a cell.

Question 18

Cytoskeleton

Answer 18

within the cytoplasm, it is network of protein filaments that functions like a vast 3-dimensional roadway that facilitates and guides movement of intercellular structures and components. A well-defined cytoskeleton is unique to eukaryotic cells.

Question 19

Cytosol

Answer 19

the liquid component of the cytoplasm

Question 20

Endospores

Answer 20

during adverse conditions, certain types of bacteria undergo a sporulation cycle to produce these dormant cells

Question 21

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 21

cells of the domain Eukarya, known for their morphological diversity and compartmentalization through various organelles

Question 22

Fimbriae or Pili

Answer 22

synonymous terms for thin, hair-like appendages that stick out from the cell surface, and are used for attachment or motility.

Question 23

Flagella

Answer 23

threadlike locomotor appendages extending outward from the plasma membrane and cell wall. Movement occurs in a wave from base to tip (or tip to base)

Question 24

Inclusions

Answer 24

common in all cells, formed by the aggregation of substances that may be organic or inorganic. They can form granules, crystals, or globules or be amorphous in shape. Some inclusion bodies are useful for species identification

Question 25

Lipid bilayer

Answer 25

term used to describe the makeup of a membrane with two layers of lipid molecules

Question 26

Lipid monolayer

Answer 26

term used to describe the makeup of a membrane with one layer of lipid molecules.

Question 27

Lysogenic infection

Answer 27

some prokaryotic viruses have a more complex strategy that gives them the additional option to not immediately proceed through the lytic cycle, but rather can turn off its lytic pathway and remain silent within the infected cell. Once induced, they proceed down a lytic pathway to generate and release new virions.

Question 28

Lytic infection

Answer 28

when a virus propagates simply by infecting, replicating and bursting from its host cell in repeated cycles

Question 29

Membrane proteins

Answer 29

various proteins embedded in or associated with the plasma membrane.

Question 30

Nucleoid

Answer 30

a zone within the cytoplasm where the DNA and numerous proteins resides.

Question 31

Oncoviruses

Answer 31

animal viruses that can promote their host cells to undergo uncontrolled growth leading to cancer

Question 32

Outer membrane

Answer 32

An additional membrane structure in the cell wall of Gram negative cells that provides both protections and limitations

Question 33

Peptidoglycan

Answer 33

also called murein, this is a polymer of sugars and amino acids that forms the bacterial cell wall; synthesis of this layer can be targeted by the penicillin family of antibiotics. All archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan

Question 34

Plasma membrane

Answer 34

functions to encompass the cytoplasm and is a requirement for all living cells.

Question 35

Plasmid

Answer 35

extrachromosomal (meaning outside the chromosome) DNA molecules

Question 36

Prions

Answer 36

infectious protein particles comprised of a single protein made by the host organism that has been induced to undergo an alternate conformation

Question 37

Ribosomes

Answer 37

the cell’s machinery for protein synthesis and nearly each cell has large numbers of them (10,000 to 20,000)

Question 38

S-layers

Answer 38

a layer external to the cell wall in some bacterial cells. The biological roles for S-layers include protecting the cell against ion and pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, enzymes, or predatory bacteria. It can also help maintain cell shape and rigidity of some cells. It can also protect against host defenses for some pathogens

Question 39

Satellite viruses/Satellite nucleic acids

Answer 39

infectious agents that are even less complex than a virus; can be described as parasites of other viruses

Question 40

Slime layer

Answer 40

a layer external to the cell wall in some bacterial cells. A zone of diffuse, unorganized material that is removed easily

Question 41

Virion

Answer 41

a complete virus particle, the form of the virus that can exist outside the cell and infect new cells

Question 42

Viroids

Answer 42

infectious agents that are even less complex than a virus; small infectious RNA molecules that are mainly known to cause disease in plants.

Question 43

Virology

Answer 43

the study of viruses and virus-like agents.

Question 44

Viruses

Answer 44

infectious agents composed of a nucleic acid genome and, at minimum, a protein coat. They are absolutely dependent on a host cell for their replication