Module 6b

Question 1

Mutations

Answer 1

Heritable changes in a genome

Question 2

DNA damage and mutations are similar

Answer 2

False

Question 3

How is DNA damage mediated

Answer 3

Repair to continue cell function

Question 4

Can DNA damage lead to a mutation

Answer 4

yes, if the repair changes the base sequence

Question 5

When can changes in the genome occur

Answer 5

within a coding region of genes, a regulatory region of an operon, untranslated RNAs or regions between genes

Question 6

All mutations result in phenotypic change from the parent cell

Answer 6

false

Question 7

Spontaneous mutations

Answer 7

Errors in normal DNA replication or DNA repair

Question 8

1st Common spontaneous mutaion

Answer 8

Base changes

Question 9

Base changes

Answer 9

The wrong base is inserted into the new strand by DNA polymerase

Question 10

2nd Common spontaneous mutation

Answer 10

Base additions and deletions

Question 11

What causes polymerase errors

Answer 11

Bases shifting to alternate isomers

Question 12

Is an error considered a mutation before the genome is replicated and passed on

Answer 12

No

Question 13

Mutant

Answer 13

organism with the changed genome that was passed from a parent

Question 14

Spontaneous mutation #3

Answer 14

Slippage

Question 15

Slippage

Answer 15

An advancing polymerase loses track of the template or new strand leading to deletion or insertion

Question 16

Induced mutations

Answer 16

Result from exposure to a condition or chemical that causes more errors in DNA replication

Question 17

Mutagens

Answer 17

cause elevated rates of mutations

Question 18

Bases analogues

Answer 18

gets inserted as a base
mutagen

Question 19

DNA-modifying agents

Answer 19

change base chemistry to allow easier misspairing
mutagen

Question 20

Physical agent

Answer 20

Damage DNA (radiation)
Mutagen

Question 21

Intercalating agents

Answer 21

Cause slippage by inserting between two base
Mutagen

Question 22

Has a much higher frequency of isomer switching affecting the subsequent round of replication by pairing with a different base

Answer 22

Base analogues

Question 23

Mutagens that change a bases structure that cause specific damage to certain bases

Answer 23

DNA-modifying agents

Question 24

Methyl-nitrosoguanidine

Answer 24

Adds methyl group to G causing a pair with T not C

Question 25

Insert themselves between bases in the double helix resulting in helical distortion

Answer 25

Interlacating agents

Question 26

Interlacating agents in low concentrations

Answer 26

cause slippage and a mutation

Question 27

Interlacating agents in high concentrations

Answer 27

NOT a mutagen Stops replication of the DNA and therefore results in death not passage to the next generation

Question 28

Causes affected bases to not function as a template that must be repaired before replication can occur

Answer 28

Physical agents

Question 29

Wild type

Answer 29

Organism isolated from its natural environment

Question 30

Can wild types have different bases in a gene

Answer 30

yes, these are alleles and they are considered a subset of the wild type

Question 31

Mutants are conventionally cells with changes experienced in the wild

Answer 31

False They are induced/selected/obtained in the lab

Question 32

In vitro

Answer 32

in an unnatural setting

Question 33

Frequency of a mutation depends on

Answer 33

the number of genes that are required for the phenotype

Question 34

Mutation frequency decreases with the number of genes involved

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Strategies for isolating mutants

Answer 35

Screening and selecting

Question 36

Mutant screening

Answer 36

Individual cells are checked to determine if they have the mutant phenotype

Question 37

This way of finding mutants is typically used when mutants have lost the ability to do something

Answer 37

Screening

Question 38

Mutant selection

Answer 38

Exposing a population to a condition allowing for growth or survival of the mutant only

Question 39

This type of mutant isolation allows for testing of a large number of cells

Answer 39

Mutant selection

Question 40

Auxotroph

Answer 40

unable to grow on media that the wildtype parent can

Question 41

Revertant strain

Answer 41

Cells that can once again grow on media that their wild type can, but their auxotroph could not

Question 42

Ames test

Answer 42

Used to determine whether new compounds are mutagenic by measuring the frequency of mutational events