Module 2 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Basic functional unit of life
A
cell
2
Q
what are the 3 domains of life
A
- archaea
- bacteria
- eukarya
3
Q
archaea and bacteria are what
A
prokaryotes
4
Q
eukarya is what
A
eukaryote
5
Q
has no nucleus
A
Prokaryotic cell
6
Q
has nucleus + organelles
A
Eukaryotic cell
7
Q
what are somatic cells also known as
A
body cells
8
Q
have two copies of the genome and are said to be diploid
A
somatic cells
9
Q
have one copy of the genome and
are haploid
A
germ cells
10
Q
germ cells are aka what
A
sex cells
11
Q
- Give rise to differentiated cells and to other stem cells
- Diploid
A
stem cells
12
Q
what are the 4 types of tissues
A
- connective tissue
- muscle
- nervous
- epithelium
13
Q
a tissue that has a variety of cell types and surrounding materials protect, support, bind to cells, and fill spaces throughout the body
A
connective tissues
14
Q
Tight cell layers form linings that protect, secrete, absorb, and excrete
A
epithelium
15
Q
Cells contract, providing movement
A
Muscle
16
Q
Neurons transmit information as electrochemical impulses that coordinate movement and also sense and respond to environmental stimuli
A
nervous tissues
17
Q
list the chemical constituents
A
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
18
Q
provide energy and contribute to cell structure
A
carbohydrates
19
Q
basis of some hormones, provide insulation, energy storage and formation of membranes
A
lipids
20
Q
form the contractile fibers, clot formation and enzymatic reaction
A
Proteins
21
Q
translate information from past generations to new cells that give its
characteristics
A
Nucleic Acids
22
Q
- carry out the activities of life in the
cell - divide the labor by partitioning off certain areas or serving specific functions
A
Organelles
23
Q
list the components of a cell
A
organelles, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulym, vesicles, gogli apparatus, exosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondrion
24
Q
*The most prominent organelle of most cells
* Contains the DNA within the cell
A
nucleus
25
surrounds the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
26
biochemicals can exit or enter the nucleus through them
Nuclear pores
27
mechanical support; holds the nuclear pores in place
Nuclear lamina
28
“little nucleus”; darkened area inside the nucleus
Nucleolus
29
the fluid in the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
30
remainder of the cell between the nucleus and cell membrane
cytoplasm
31
aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell
cytosol
32
quality control center of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
33
winds from the nuclear envelope outwards to the plasma membrane, forming a vast tubular network that transports molecules from one part of the cell to another
endoplasmic reticulum
34
it is studded with ribosomes and is the starting point of protein synthesis
rough ER
35
where lipid synthesizes
smooth ER
36
it pinches off from tabular endings of the ER to form sacs for transport of substances within the cell
vesicles
37
it is a column of 4-6 interconnected flat, membrane-enclosed sacs
golgi apparatus
38
sugar + lipid =
glycolipid
39
sugar + protein
glycoprotein
40
a vesicle that goes cell to cell to empty their contents
exosomes
41
"suicide sacs"
lysosomes
42
these are bound sacs that contain enzymes able to degrade bacteria
lysosomes
43
ability of the cell to dispose of its own remnants
autophagy
44
sacs with a single outer membrane filled with enzymes
peroxisimes
45
these enzymes catalyze reaction that breakdown certain lipids and rare biochemical, synthesize bile acids detoxify compounds
peroxisomal enzymes
46
"powerhouse of the cell"
mitochondrion
47
this provides energy by breaking the chemical bonds that hold together the nutrient molecules in food
mitochondrion
48
holds enzymes that catalyze the biochemical reactions that release energy
cristae
49
source of energy of the cell
adenosine triphosphate
50
meshwork of protein rods and tubules that serves as the cells architecture
cytoskeleton
51
major types of cytoskeleton
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
52
made of of tubulin
microtubules
53
this does cellular organization, communication between cells
microtubules
54
hairlike structures that propels substances
cilia
55
made up of actin
microfilaments
56
* narrower than microtubules
* it enables cells to withstand stretching, compression, and help anchor one cell to another
microfilaments
57
* composed of different proteins
* have diameters intermediate between those of microtubules and microfilaments
intermediate filaments
58
* it completely surrounds the cell
* it is a double layer of molecules called phospholipids
plasma membrane
59
movement into cells by vesicles
endocytosis
60
movements out of cells by vesucles
exocytosis
61
what is apoptosis
cell death
62
the sequence of activities as a cell prepares for and undergoes division
cell cycle
63
two major stages of cell cycle
interphase and mitosis
64
* cell continues its basic biochemical functions of life
* while replicating its DNA and some organelles
interphase
65
"Gap 1 Phase"
G1 Phase
66
where cell resumes synthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
G1 Phase
67
Synthesis phase
S phase
68
What phase is this
* DNA replication
* microtubules form structures called centrioles
s phase
69
where genomes are joined
centromere
70
what phase is this
* synthesis of biochemicals for microtubule formation
G2 phase
71
long strands of chromosomal material in replicated chromosomes
chromatids
72
when chromatids are attached at a centromere
sistter chromatids
73
what are the stage of mitosis
* prophase
* metaphase
* anaphase
* telophase
74
What mitosis stage is this
* DNA coils tightly
* chromosomes condense
* microtubules asssembles
* nulear membrane breaks down
* nucleolus not visible
prophase
75
What mitosis stage is this
* chromosomes attach at the spindle and align along the center of the cell
metaphase
76
what do you call the center of the cell
equator
77
What mitosis stage is this
* centromeres part
* chromatids move to the opposite ends of the cell
anaphase
78
`What mitosis stage is this
* mitotic spindles fall apart
* nucleoli and membranes around the nuclei re-form at each end of the elongated cell
telophase
79
microfilaments band contracts and seperate forming cells
cytokenesis
80
temporarily pauses the cell cycle while special proteins repair damaged DNA
DNA damage checkpoints
81
what are the different checkpoints
1. DNA damage checkpoints
2. Apoptosis checkpoint
3. Spindle assemply checkpoint
82
proteins that overrides signals telling the cell to die so that mitosis happens rather than apoptosis
survivins
83
turns on as mitosis begins, and survivins overrides signals telling cells to die
apoptosis checkpoint
84
oversees the construction of the spindle and the binding of chromosomes to it
spindle assembly checkpoint
85
when does apoptosis checkpoint happen
G2 phase
86
when does spindle assembly checkpoint happen
anaphase
87
when does DNA damage checkpoint happen
S phase
88
a cellular clock that limits the number of division
telomere
89
this keeps the chromosome tips long
telomerase
90
what activates genes whose products carry out mitosis
kinases and cyclins
91
a form of cell death associated with inflammation and damage
necrosis
92
2 stage of meiosis
meiosis 1 and 2
93
are gamete haploid or diploid
haploid
94
are somatic cells haploid or diploid
diploid
95
how many chromosomes to gametes have
23
96
how many chromosomes do somatic cells have
46
97
homologs exchange parts in a process known as
crossing over
98
it refers to when homologous pairs of chromosomes line up next to one another
synapsis
99
net result of meiosis is
4 haploid cells
