Module 2 Flashcards by Natalie Barrus

What is a microbe?

Smallest of the organisms

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Why are microbes so small?

Pretty good at surviving
If you don’t have anything, nothing can go wrong (no skeleton or body systems)

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Why are microbes successful?

Genetically diverse
Can live anywhere and eat anything
Abundant

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What are bacteria?

Simple cellular organisms
No nucleus

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What is the genetic (DNA) structure in bacteria?

Plasmids

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What shape can bacteria be?

Cocci (spherical)
Bacilli (rod)
Spirilla (spiral)

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What’s the most common reproduction method of bacteria?

Binary fission- splits in half, two exact replicas

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What is the reproduction time of most bacteria?

1-3 hours

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How do bacteria transmit genetic information?

Conjugation- transfers a copy of genetic information to another bacteria cell
Transduction- virus (bacteriophage) infects cell
Transformation- scavenge dna in environment from dead bacteria cells

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What are the main structures of a cell and what do they do?

Nucleus- stores genetic material
Mitochondria- energy
Endoplasmic reticulum- makes protein
Golgi apparatus- protein processing
Lysosome- digestion/waste processing

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How are protists classified?

Animal like
Plant like
Fungus like

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What are the characteristics of animal like protists?

Moves with cilia
Phagocytosis

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What are the characteristics of fungus like protists?

Grow around the edges of a colony
Heterotrophs
Use spores to reproduce

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What are the characteristics of plant like like protists?

Diatoms- part of phytoplankton- important for the production of O2 through photosynthesis

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What are protists and what is their most important characteristic?

The first eukaryotes
Have a cellular structures that perform certain functions- called organelles

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What are three characteristics of animals?

Move
Eat other organisms
Multicellular and have special body parts

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What questions help define animals?

Tissues or no
Radial or bilateral symmetry
Protostome (mouth first) or deuterostome (mouth second)
Growth through molting or continuous addition

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How does the backbone classify animals?

Invertebrate- without a backbone
All protostomes except echinoderms

Vertebrates- with backbone

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What are the characteristics of worms?

Have tissues
Protostomes
Bilateral symmetry

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What are the characteristics of flatworms?

No body cavity
No circulatory or respiratory organs
Grow by adding mass to body
-Well defined heads and tails
-Hermaphrodites

What is an example of a flatworm?

Tapeworms-
Parasites that live in host gut
Start as fleas
Segmented bodies

What are the characteristics of segmented worms?

Segmented bodies
Protostomes

What are the types of segmented worms?

Marine (polychaete)- many bristles
Earthworms (oligochaete)- few bristles, breakdown organic material
Leeches

What are the characteristics of mollusks?

Defined tissues
Bilateral symmetry
Protostomes
Add tissue to grow

What are gastropods?

“Belly foot” Snails and slugs

What are bivalve mollusks?

Soft body protected by pair of hinged shells Clams, scallops, oysters, mussels Filter feeders

What are cephalopods?

“Head footed” Nautilus (external shell) , squids (small shell covered by mantle), octopuses (no shell)

What are characteristics of fungi?

Make up own kingdom Multicellular Sessile decomposers Cell organelles Cell walls made of chitin (like exoskeleton)- more similar to animals than plants

What is the life cycle of fungi?

1) string of cells- dikaryotic (2 nuclei) hyphae 2) hyphae interconnect to create dikaryotic mycelium 3) temporary reproductive dikaryotic mushroom forms 4) some cells fuse and become diploid (1 nuclei) 5) diploid cells produce spores 6) spores land and start cycle over

How do fungi eat?

Decomposers- secret enzymes to break down organic material Digest food outside body

What is an example of a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants?

Mycorrhizae Gets sugar from plants Gives plants nitrogen and phosphorus

What are the main characteristics of arthropods?

Bilateral symmetry Protostomes Body segments Exoskeleton (made of chitin) Legs with joints

What are the four groups of arthropods?

Millipedes and centipedes Chelicerates Crustaceans Insects

What are the characteristics of millipedes and centipedes?

Segmented bodies Live on decaying plant material

What are the characteristics and give two examples of chelicerates?

4 pairs of legs Specialized feeding apparatus Digest food OUTSIDE the body Spiders and scorpions

What are the characteristics of crustaceans?

Abdominal region can hold eggs or newly hatched young Legs can have comb like projections to capture plankton

What characteristics make insects successful?

Ability to fly The way they cope with body size as they grow- MOLTING of exoskeleton

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having an exoskeleton?

Adv- protection, conserve water, resist drying out Disadv- prohibits growth

What is molting?

Growing from the inside, shedding the outside layer

Explain complete metamorphosis.

Larva- grows and eats, molts, until big enough Pupa- covers in a casing, adult genes activated, reuses larva proteins to to create adult body Adult- reproduce

How does natural selection influence insects?

Natural selection can act on the larvae and adult stage independently

What are common characteristics of sponges?

No tissue or organs Hollow tube with pores Feed by pumping water Hermaphrodites Can reassemble

What are some examples of cnidarians?

Jellyfishes, anemones, corals

What are some characteristics of jellyfishes?

Variety of shapes and sizes Deadly

What are some characteristics of coral?

Polyps that live in colonies Reproduce internally and externally Secrete calcium carbonate Algae zooxanthellae- gives coral color, too hot they leave

What are some characteristics of anemones?

Polyp bodies Larvae swim freely Mostly sessile

What are the characteristics of cnidarians?

Have tissues Radial symmetry 2 body types (polyp & medusa) Carnivores

What are the types of mollusks?

Bivalve mollusks, cephalopods, gastropods