1
Q
base of the heart
A
- superior
- wide surface
2
Q
apex of the heart
A
- inferior
3
Q
pericardium
A
double walled sac
4
Q
list the 3 structures of the pericardium
A
- parietal (outer)
- epicardium (inner visceral pericardium)
- pericardinal space (contains fluid)
5
Q
lis the 3 structures of the heart wall
A
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
6
Q
epicardium
A
covers the heart = visceral pericardium
7
Q
myocardium
A
muscular wall
8
Q
endocardium
A
endothelium covers inner surfaces of the heart
9
Q
coronary circulation
A
blood to the myocardium
10
Q
left coronary arteries supplies to
A
anterior ventricles via anterior IV artery
11
Q
right coronary arteries supplies to
A
posterior ventricles via posterior IV artery
12
Q
great cardiac vein
A
drain anterior regions + is supplied by anterior IV artery
13
Q
middle cardiac vein
A
drains posterior regions + is supplied by posterior IV artery
14
Q
where do all veins drain into and where does this go
A
all veins drain into the coronary sinus which supplies the right atrium
15
Q
list the external structures of the heart
A
- inferior ventricles
- superior atria
- vesses
16
Q
characteristics of the 2 inferior ventricles
- receiving or discharging ?
- how are they separated ?
- thick or thin walled ?
A
- discharging chambers
- seperated via interventricular sulcus
- thick walled
17
Q
characteristics of the 2 superior atria
- receiving or discharging ?
- how are they separated ?
- thick or thin walled ?
A
- receiving chambers
- separated from ventricles via coronary sulcus
- thin walled
18
Q
characteristics of right atria
- what blood does it receive ?
- from where?
A
- receives deoxygenated blood from superior venca cava from regions superior to diaphragm, and inferior vena cava
- and coronary sinus
19
Q
characteristics of left atria
- what blood does it receive ?
- from where?
A
- receives oxygenated blood from R+L pulmonary veins from lungs
20
Q
characteristics of vessels
A
- blood from ventricles
- pulmonary trunk to the lungs
- aorta to the body to deliver oxygen
21
Q
list the internal structures of the heart
A
- ventricles
- atria
- valves
22
Q
how are the ventricles separated from the atria
A
AV valves
23
Q
how are the AV valves anchored
A
chordae tendinea - attached to papillary muscles
24
Q
how does blood exit the ventricles
A
via SL valves
25
right av valve (tri or bicuspid)
tricuspid
26
left av valve bicuspid (tri or bicuspid)
bicuspid
27
role of the atrioventricular (AV) valves
prevent backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contract
28
role of the semilunar (SL) valves
ensure 1 way blood flow
29
when do AV valves open
when atrial pressure > ventricular pressure
30
when do AV valves close
when atrial pressure < ventricular pressure
31
when do SL valves open
when ventricular pressure > arterial pressure
32
when do SL valves close
when ventricular pressure < arterial pressure
33
left side of the heart
systemic (thicker ventricle)
34
right side of the heart
pulmonary
35
unidirectional bloodflow through the heart
oxygen poor blood
1. SVC
IFC
Coronary Sinus
2. Right Atrium
via tricuspid valve to the
3. Right Ventricle
via pulmonary SL valves
4. Pulmonary Trunk
5. Lungs
oxygen rich blood
to heart
6. 4 pulmonary veins
7. left atrium
8. left ventricle
via aortic SL valve to
9. aorta
10. body/systemic capillaries
36
list the 5 structures of the intrinsic conduction system
1. sinoatrial node
2. atrioventricular node
3. atrioventricular bundle
4. bundle branches
5. purkinje fibres
37
intrinsic conduction system - sinoatrial node
- pacemaker cell
- depolarises
- located at R atrial wall
38
intrinsic conduction system - atrioventricular node
- delays impulse by 0.1 sec to allow for atria to complete contraction
- located at the junction b/w atria + ventricles
39
intrinsic conduction system - atrioventricular bundle
- located in the upper interventricular septum
| - only electrical connection between atria + ventricles
40
intrinsic conduction system - bundle branches
travel in interventicular septum to apex
41
intrinsic conduction system - purkinje fibres
penetrates ventricle walls + depolarises ventricular myocardium
42
what are the 2 methods of extrinsic innervation
1. cardio acceleratory centre
| 2. carioinhibitory centre
43
extrinsic innervation - cardioacceleratory centre
> HR = > contraction
sympathetic input to:
- SA node
- AV node
- Myocardium
- coronary arteries
44
extrinsic innervation - cardioinhibitory centre
< HR
parasympathetic input via vagus nerve to:
- SA node
- AV node
45
cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped into circuit per minute
CO = SV X HR
46
stroke volume
volume of blood ejected from ventricle per beat
SV = EDV-ESV
47
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of relaxation
48
End Systolic Volume (ESV)
volume of blood remaining in ventricle after contraction
49
list the factors that affect CO
- EDV, ESV
- ANS
- Hormones
(anything that affects SV or HR will affect CO)
50
factors affecting ESV
- contractility ( > contractility = > SV = < ESV = CO)
| - afterload
51
afterload
the pressure that the ventricles must overcome to open SL valves to eject blood into the arteries
52
preload
the degree the myocardium is stretched before it contracts
| determines contraction, EDV and SV
53
passive filling time
time both atria + ventricles are in diastole
| determines EDV
54
venous return
amount of blood returning to the heart - depending on:
- total blood volume
- pattern of BF
55
Heart rate
- short term control of CO
- altered to meet needs of organs/tissues
- average = 75 bpm
56
factors affecting heart rate
- sympathetic input (> depolarisation of nodes = > HR)
- parasympathetic input (< depolarisation of nodes = < HR)
- adrenalin
- thyroxine
57
ECG's
electrical events detected by electrocardiograph
| - 12 locations on the body
58
what does an ECG determine
- heart activity
| - composite of all action potentials generated by the heart
59
list the 3 ECG deflections
1. P wave
2. QRS complex
3. T Wave
60
ECG - P wave deflection
- atrial depolarisation
| - begins at SA node
61
ECG - QRS complex deflection
- depolarisation of ventricles
62
ECG - T wave deflection
- repolarisation of ventricles
63
factors which can change a pattern of an ECG
- damaged regions
| - enlarged heart
64
Heart Sounds - Lubb SI
- closure of AV valves
| - ventricles contract
65
Heart Sounds - Dupp S2
- closure of SL valves
| - ventricles relax
66
cardiac cycle - 8 steps
1. 4 chambers relaxed
2. atrial systole
3. atrial systole ends + atrial diastole begins
4. ventricular systole
5. Ventricular systole
6. ventricular diastole
7. isovolumetric relaxation
8. ventricular diastole
BMA - Exam Semester 2
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