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BMA - Exam Semester 2 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

list the 4 functions of the urinary system

A
  1. regulates
  2. excretes waste
  3. endocrine functions
  4. produces
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2
Q

functions of the urinary system - regulation

A
  • food volume
  • solutes + electrolytes
  • acid base balance
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3
Q

functions of the urinary system - excretes waste

A
  • metabolic eg nitrogenous waste

- foreign eg drugs

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4
Q

functions of the urinary system - endocrine functions

A
  • erythropoietin (stimulates RBC production)

- renin (enzyme)

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5
Q

functions of the urinary system - produces

A
  • active vitamin d

- glucose

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6
Q

what structures supply the kidneys with blood ?

A
  • renal arteries

- branches of abdominal aorta

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7
Q

list the 3 regions of the kidney

A
  1. cortex
  2. renal medulla
  3. renal pelvis
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8
Q

Cortex

A
  • outer region

- contains cortical nephrons

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9
Q

Renal Medulla

A
  • cone shaped tissue

- renal pyramids

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10
Q

Renal Pelvis

A
  • funnel shaped
  • continuous with ureter
  • drains papillae through minor + major calyces
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11
Q

what is a nephron

A

the functional unit of the kidney

- forms urine

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12
Q

are the collecting ducts a part of the nephron

A

no

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13
Q

what are the 4 compartments of a nephron

A
  1. renal corpuscle
  2. renal tubule
  3. juxtamedullary nephrons
  4. cortical nephrons
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14
Q

how is blood supplied to the nephron

A

blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole + exits via efferent arteriole

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15
Q

what are the 3 processes of urine production

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
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16
Q

Urine Production - Glomerular Filtration

A

A non selective process in which blood pressure forces fluid through glomerular membrane

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17
Q

what is the filtration membrane of the glomerulus composed of and what molecules are allowed to pass ?

A
  • made up of perforated epithelium + thin epithelial cells
    and a collagenous membrane
  • allows free passage of water + most solutes into glomerular capsule (other than blood cells, proteins and negatively charged proteins)
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18
Q

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

total volume of filtrate per minute

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19
Q

does an increased Glomerular Filtration Rate lead to an increase or a decrease in urine production

A

increased urine production

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20
Q

how is glomerular filtration regulated

A

via myogenic mechanism

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21
Q

Glomerular Filtration Regulation - Describe the function of the myogenic mechanism

A

The changes in systemic BP causes either constriction or dilation of the AFFERENT arteriole

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22
Q

Urine Production - Tubular Reabsorption

A

A selective process that reclaims most of the filtrate formed during glomerular filtration

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23
Q

Tubular Reabsorption - what is the site of most reabsorption

A

PCT (65% of NA+ and water reabsorbed here)

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24
Q

Tubular Reabsorption - role of nephron loop

A
  • water leaves descending loop
  • no solute reabsorption in descending loop
  • absorbs water + solutes in ascending portion of loop
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25
Tubular Reabsorption - role of DCT - CD
- involvement of hormones - ADH = diuresis - Aldosterone = cells absorb more NA+
26
Urine Production - Tubular Secretion
A selective process moving substances from blood into filtrate
27
Urine Production - Tubular Secretion - Where does it mostly occur, and what happens ?
- occurs in PCT - eliminates excess K+ - controls blood pH - disposal of substances eg drugs
28
what is the pH of urine
``` pH 6 ( variable 4.5 - 8) ```
29
describe the chemical composition of urine
- 95% water - 5% solutes - nitrogenous waste - urea
30
define urine
the stuff removed from the body after filtration, reabsorption and secretion by renal tubule
31
Pathway of urine
1. papillae of pyramids 2. Minor Calyces 3. Major Calyces 4. Pelvis 5. Ureter 6. Bladder
32
define micturition
voiding
33
presence of glucose in urine
diabetes mellitus
34
presence of protein in urine
exercise, pregnancy, hypertension, renal disease
35
presence of ketone bodies in urine
- starvation | - uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
36
presence of bile in urine
- liver disease | - obstruction of bile ducts
37
presence of RBC's in urine
- trauma - kidney stones - infection - cancer
38
presence of WBC's in urine
infection
39
what are the 2 main fluid compartments in the body
1. intracellular fluid | 2. extracellular fluid
40
what is the major cation and major anion of extracellular fluid
cation: NA+ anion: Cl
41
what is the major cation and major anion of intracellular fluid
cation: K+ anion: Hpo43 -
42
what is hypertonic movement
water moves from ICF to ECF
43
what is hypotonic movement
water moves from ECF to ICF
44
when is the hypothalamic thirst centre activated
- by a 1-2% change in osmolarity | - or a 5-10% drop in plasma volume
45
what inhibits thirst
- moistening of mucosa | - stretch receptors
46
what occurs with the hormone aldosterone in the ECF
- release of angiotenisn II when potassium levels are high | - reabsorbs NA+ and water
47
what occurs in the ECF with the activation of the renin angiotensin system
- releases ADH, aldosterone | - thirst mechanism stimulated
48
what is the direct regulation of BP
change in BP + alter in urine outpt
49
what does aldosterone regulate
regulates electrolyte concentration in extracellular fluid (NA+,K) - therefore increases Bv + BP
50
when is ADH released
- solute concentration increases | - angiotensisn II
51
what are the 4 things Angiotensin II regulates within the renin angiotensin mechanism
1. ADH 2. Aldosterone 3. Hypothalamic Thirst Centre 4. Peripheral Vasoconstriction
52
define dehydration
when water output exceeds input | water depletion exceeds NA+ depletion
53
early signs of dehydration
- thirst - flushed skin - decreased urine output
54
term for prolonged dehydration
hypovolaemia
55
prolonged signs of dehydration
- decreased circulating blood volume - confusion/ disorientation - hypovolemic shock
56
what hormonal systems are activated by a decrease in BP + BV
- renin angiotensin system - aldosterone - ADH
57
define hypotonic hydration
when eater intake exceeds water output
58
signs of hypotonic hydration
- nausea - vomiting - muscle cramps
59
Hypotonic Hydration - Cerebral Oedema
- disorientation - coma - death
60
Hypotonic Hydration - Hyponatremia
- low NA in ECF | - cells swell
61
Blood pH - acidiosis
pH below 7.35
62
Bloog pH - alkalosis
pH above 7.45
63
what are the 3 main mechanisms to regulate blood pH
1. chemical buffer systems 2. respiratory regulation 3. renal mechanisms
64
list the 3 chemical buffer systems used to regulate blood pH
1. bicarbonate buffer system 2. phosphate buffer system 3. protein buffer system
65
list the 2 renal mechanisms used to regulate blood pH
1. conserve + generate HCO3 | 2. excrete HCO3 in collecting ducts
66
describe the bicarbonate buffer system
- carbonic acid - bicarbonate (wake base) - if there is a low ph, tie up H+ = increase in Ph vice versa - removed and retained via respiratory and renal mechanisms
67
describe metabolic acidioisis/alkalosis
disturbances causing excess acids or bases
68
describe respiratory acidiosis/ alkalosis
- fails to regulate - hypoventilation - retention of co2 - pH < 6.8 = coma, death

BMA - Exam Semester 2 (11 decks)

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