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BMA - Exam Semester 2 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

boyles law

A

if volume increases, pressure decreases

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2
Q

list the 2 inspiratory muscles

A
  1. external intercostal muscles

2. diaphragm

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3
Q

during inspiration which way does the ribs and diaphragm move

A

ribs and sternum up

diaphragm down = > volume = < pressure

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4
Q

during expiration which way does the ribs and diaphragm move

A

diaphragm relaxes, moves up = < volume = > pressure

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5
Q

passive expiration

A
  • muscles relax

- elastic recoil

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6
Q

forced expiration

A
  • internal intercostals move down
  • contracts accessory muscles

= < volume

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7
Q

list the 3 factors which can affect pulmonary ventilation

A
  1. resistance
  2. compliance
  3. alveolar surface tension
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8
Q

resistance

A

opposition to gas flow

  • friction
  • airway diametre

sympathetic = dilation

  • resistance = obstructive pulmonary diseases
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9
Q

compliance

A

ability of the lungs and thoracic cavity to stretch

  • a decrease in compliance = restrictive disorders
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10
Q

alveolar surface tension

A

surface tension b/w water molecules + alveolar fluid

  • surfactant reduces tension and prevents collapse
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11
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled/exhaled during quiet breathing

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12
Q

vital capacity

A

max amount of air that can be expelled after max inspiratory effort (the exchangeable air in lungs)

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13
Q

cause of obstructive disorders and the effect on vital capacity

A
  • reduced diameter
  • increased resistance
  • VC takes longer to achieve
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14
Q

examples of obstructive disorder

A
  • asthma (inflammation = bronchoconstriction)

- bronchitis (alveolar destruction + collapse)

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15
Q

cause of restrictive disorders and effect on the vital capacity

A
  • decreased compliance

- reduces VC

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16
Q

examples of restrictive disorder

A
  • fibrosis
  • arthritis
  • paralysis
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17
Q

infant respiratory distress

A
  • don’t produce enough surfactant
  • alveoli can not maintain inflation

treatment; spray airways with surfactant

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18
Q

how is the respiratory system divided structurally

A
  • upper

- lower

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19
Q

function of upper respiratory system

A
  • filter, humidify, warm

- reabsorb heat, water

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20
Q

function of lower respiratory system

A
  • conducts air to gas exchange surfaces
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21
Q

how is the respiratory system divided functionally

A
  1. conducting

2. respiratory

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22
Q

areas of the conducting areas of respiratory system and its function

A

passageways that:

  • conduct
  • humidify
  • cleanse
  • warm
  • reabsorb outgoing heat and water
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23
Q

function of the respiratory area of the respiratory system

A
  • bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli

(where gas exchange occurs)

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24
Q

Alveoli

A

surface area for gas exchange

type 1 epithelial cells

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25
list the 3 compartments of the respiratory membrane
1. alveolar epithelial cells 2. basement membrane 3. capillary endothelial cells
26
list the 2 bloody supplies of the lungs
1. pulmonary circulation | 2. bronchial circulation
27
list the innervations of the lungs (3)
1. visceral sensory fibres 2. parasympathetic fibres (constrict bronchioles) 3. sympathetic fibres (dilate bronchioles)
28
list the 3 compartments of the pleura
1. thoracic wall 2. parietal pleura 3. visceral pleura
29
function of pleural space
- lubrication | - facilitates adhesion of visceral pleura + parietal pleura
30
upper respiratory system - nasal hair function
filters out particulates
31
upper respiratory system - mucus function
- traps particulates - moistens air - contains lysosomes = kill bacteria
32
upper respiratory system - mucociliary escalator
moves contaminated mucus to throat
33
upper respiratory system - subepithelial capillary plexus - function
warms the air
34
upper respiratory system - nasal conche - function
- creates turbulence | - increases surface area for warming
35
conducting zone of respiratory system - pharynx function
passageway for air + food
36
conducting zone of respiratory system - larynx function
- facilitates voice - open airway - includes escalator - sorts air + food channels - surrounds and protects opening of trachea
37
conducting zone of respiratory system - trachea - function
- windpipe | - includes escalator
38
conducting zone of respiratory system - bronchi - function
- no escalator - no cartilage rings - abundant elastic fibres - circular muscle fibres
39
which structure marks the end of the conducting zone
terminal bronchioles
40
list the types of bronchi/bronchioles (6)
- primary bronchi - lobar bronchi - segmental bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles
41
which 4 factors influence pulmonary gas exchange
1. partial pressure 2. solubility of gas 3. alveolar ventilation + pulmonary BF 4. structure of respiratory membrane
42
list the 2 different types of gas diffusion
1. external respiration | 2. internal respiration
43
gas diffusion - external respiration
- located at alveoli - oxygen travels from alveoli to capillaries - carbon dioxide travels from capillaries to alveoli
44
gas diffusion - internal respiration
- located at the tissues - oxygen from blood to the tissues - carbon dioxide from tissues to plasma
45
ventilation perfusion coupling
efficient gas exchange requires matching gas flow (ventilation) with blood flow (perfusion) - carbon dioxide in capillaries determines bronchiole diameter = gas flow - oxygen in alveoli determines arteriole diameter + thus blood flow into capillaries
46
list the 4 factors that determine efficiency through respiratory zone
1. Gas partial pressure 2. Gas solubility 3. Ventilation Perfusion Coupling 4. Characteristics of respiratory membrane
47
list the 3 characteristics of the respiratory membrane which provides for efficiency through respiratory zone
- thin membrane = rapid gas exchange - large surface area = large gas exchange - alveolar fluid + surfactant
48
describe oxygen transport
- 1.5 % dissolved in plasma - poorly soluble in water - solution: RBC + haemoglobin - RBC adapted to facilitate
49
describe carbon dioxide transport
- 10% dissolves, 20 % bind to Hb, 70% bicarbonate ions in plasma - exits RBC to plasma
50
describe oxygen binding to Hb
- binds loosely + reversibly - insures affinity influenced by: > temp < blood pH > blood carbon dioxide
51
what happens when oxygen decreases at tissue level
hypoxia
52
list the causes of hypoxia
1. Anemia ( few RBC) 2. Ischemia (blocked circulation) 3. Hypoxemia (decreased oxygen in blood) 4. Histotoxic hypoxia (cells unable to use oxygen)
53
what is the optimum pH level of plasma
7.4
54
how is plasma pH regulated
carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system
55
function of carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system
binds or releases H+ ions to regulate the pH of the plasma | - occurs in RBC and plasma
56
acidosis
increased PCO2, decreased pH
57
alkalosis
decreased PCO2, increased pH
58
hyperventilation
fast breathing
59
hypoventilation
slow
60
influence of CO2 on plasma pH - hypoventilation
- co2 accumulates = increase | - increase H+ = decrease pH
61
influence of CO2 on plasma pH - hyperventilation
- out more co2 = decrease | - decrease in H+ = increase pH
62
oxygen toxicity
increased oxygen
63
what does a decrease in co2 =
increase pH
64
what does an increase in co2 =
decreased pH
65
describe the neural control of respiratory
- pons - medulla oblongata - integrate incoming sensory info into rhythm
66
list the 4 factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing
1. CO2, H+ 2. stretch/inflation 3. emotions 4. choice
67
what is the most powerful mechanism of regulation
carbon dioxide levels
68
inflation/stretch receptor
stretch receptors in lungs stimulated by lung inflation, sending signals to respiratory centres
69
list the chemoreceptors which detects respiratory changes
1. central (brainstem, detects changes in co2) | 2. peripheral (located in aortic arch + carotid sinuses to detect changes in all)

BMA - Exam Semester 2 (11 decks)

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