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Neuroscience > Module 2 - Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Module 2 - Brain Anatomy Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Brain-Body Orientation

A

illustrates brain structure location in reference to the human face

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2
Q

Spatial Orientation

A

illustrates brain structure location in relation to the body

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3
Q

Anatomic Orientation

A

illustrates brain structure location in relation to a cut or slice of brain

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4
Q

3 Main Brain Orientations

A

brain-body, spatial, and anatomical

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5
Q

3 main anatomical organizations

A

coronal, horizontal, and saggital

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6
Q

4 main views of brain

A

dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial

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7
Q

Dorsal View of Brain

A

looking at the top of the brain

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8
Q

Ventral View of Brain

A

looking at the bottom of the brain

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9
Q

Lateral View of Brain

A

looking at brain from the side

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10
Q

Medial View of Brain

A

looking at the inside of the brain

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11
Q

Meninges

A

three layers protective tissue that encase the brain

includes dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid

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12
Q

Dura Mater

A

tough, durable layer of fibrous tissue

encloses brain and spinal cord in a sac

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13
Q

Arachnoid Layer

A

ultra thin and delicate sheet

follows brain’s contours

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14
Q

Pia Mater

A

moderately tough membrane of connective tissue

clings to brains surface

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15
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

solution of sodium chloride and other ions

cushions brain

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16
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

creates reality, motor planning, and perceptual organization

two hemispheres, four lobes

two main sections: neocortex and allocortex

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17
Q

Allocortex

A

3-4 layers of cerebral cortex

controls motivational + emotional states, and some forms of memory

includes hippocampus, part of amygdala, cingulate cortex, structures of olfactory, and other related areas

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18
Q

Neocortex

A

outer tissue of the brain

composed of 6 layers of gray matter

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19
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

performs brains executive functions like decision making and voluntary movement

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20
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

directs movements towards a goal or to perform a task (such as grasping an object)

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21
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

hearing, musical abilities, and language

some facial recognition and emotional processing

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22
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

visual processing

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23
Q

Four lobes of Brain

A

parietal, occipital, temporal, and frontal

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24
Q

Sulci

A

grooves in the cortex

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25
Fissures
really deep sulci
26
Gyri
bumps in cerebral cortex formed from folding
27
Longitudinal Fissure
connects left and right hemispheres
28
Lateral Fissure
runs along the sides of the brain
29
Grey Matter
darker brain regions capillary vessel support composed of neuronal cell bdies collect and modify info
30
White Matter
lighter regions of brain myelin coated axons form longer distance connections between brain's neurons
31
Ventricles
cavities filled with CSF four: left/right and third/fourth
32
Cerebral Aqueduct
a canal of CSF that runs down spinal cord
33
Corpus Callosum
band of white matter than runs length between hemispheres so they can communicate
34
Subcortical Regions
make intimate reciprocal connections with cortical areas that process sensory, perceptual, cognitive, and motor functions ex. when cortical areas receive a threat, they communicate with subcortical regions to increase breathing/heart rate
35
Brainstem
central brain structure hindbrain (motor), midbrain (sensory), and diencephalon (sensory motor) life-sustaining behaviour
36
Hindbrain
contains pons, medulla, reticular formation, and cerebellum control voluntary/involuntary movements
37
Cerebellum
large structure that allows for finely coordinated movements has left/right hemispheres, a cortex, and a subcortical nuclei (like cerebral cortex)
38
Reticular Formation
netlike mixture of neurons (Gray matter) and nerve fibres (white matter) sleep/waking + arousal
39
Pons
vital body movements
40
Medulla Oblongata
regulate vital functions like breathing/cardiovascular system
41
Midbrain
hearing/seeing, and orienting movements consists of tectum and tegmenjtum
42
Tectum
sensory component of midbrain sensory processing (visual and auditory), and orienting movements consists of superior colliculus and inferior colliculus
43
Superior and Inferior Colliculi
part of the tectum of midbrain process sensory information (auditory and visual), and produce orienting movements (like moving head towards a sounds source) optic nerve sends fibers to superior colliculus, auditory pathways send fibres to inferior colliculus
44
Tegmentum
controls lots of movement (like eye movement) consists of red nucleus, substantial nigra, and periaqueductal gray matter
45
Red Nucleus
tegmentum structure that controls limb movements
46
Substantia Nigra
connects to forebrain + is important in initiating movements
47
Periaqueductal Gray Matter
made up of cell bodies that surround aqueduct joining the 3rd + 4th ventricles contain circuits that control species-typical behaviours
48
Diencephalon
integrates sensory and motor info on way to cerebral cortex two main structures: hypothalamus and thalamus
49
Hypothalamus
one in each hemispehre composed of 22 nuclei production of hormones, accomplished with pituitary gland feeding, sleeping, temperature reg, sexual/emotional behaviour, hormone function, movement
50
Thalamus
organizer and integrator of sensory information contains lateral geniculate nucleus does a lot of relay of sensory information
51
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
part of thalamus that receives visual information from the optic tract, and sends it to visual region in occipital lobe
52
Forebrain
coordinates advanced cognitive functions like thinking, planning and language contains allocortex, neocortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and basal ganglia
53
Hippocampus
involved in consolidation of long ter memories
54
Amygdala
plays a role in anxiety/fear
55
Cingulate Cortex
involved with emotion formation and processing influential in linking behavioural outcomes to motivation
56
Basal Ganglia
collection of nuclei in forebrain voluntary movement and sensory guided movement Consists of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallidus
57
Optic Tract
nerves that go from optic chasm into parts of brain involved with vission
58
Mamillary Bodies
associated with recollective memories
59
Lines
indicate white matter going back and forth
60
Pyramid
responsible for all movement
61
Decussation of Pyramids
where motor tracts cross before going to other parts of the body
62
Cranial Nerves
nerves that go through different parts of head help with eye muscles and balance
63
Olive
important for movement, coordination, and movement related learning
64
Infundibulum
connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
65
Optic Nerve
collection of nerve fibres carrying visual messages one connecting each eye to brain
66
Pineal Gland
endocrine gland that helps regulate day/night cycles and secretes melatonin
67
Peduncles
assists in refining and learning new motor skills
68
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
thalamus region concerned with audition
69
Sensory Neurons
bipolar (retina) and somatosensory neurons (skin/muscle) bring information to the central nervous system little dendrites
70
Interneurons
associate sensory and motor activity in the central nervous system association cell (thalamus), pyramidal cell (cortex), purkinje cell (cerebellum) lot of dendrites
71
Motor Neurons
send signals from brain/spinal cord to muscles

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