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Neuroscience > Module 4 - Audition > Flashcards

Module 4 - Audition Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the medial geniculate nucleus

A

major thalamic region associated with audition

allows for complex sound perception

gets info from both inferior colliculi

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2
Q

location of the primary auditory cortex

A

within Heschl’s gyrus and surrounded by secondary areas

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3
Q

what percentage of auditory pathways are ipsilateral and contralateral

A

40% ipsilateral and 60% contralateral

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4
Q

what is cochlear nucleus responsible for?

A

frequency
on/off functions
intensity

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5
Q

what is trapezoid body responsible for?

A

direction

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6
Q

what is superior olivary complex responsible for?

A

combines info from both ears for localization/direction purposes

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7
Q

what is the inferior colliculus responsible for?

A

attention
reflexive response

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8
Q

what is planum temporal associated with? what is another name for it?

A

language

Wernicke’s area

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9
Q

Is the left or right planum temporal larger? (wernicke’s area)

A

left is larger in all right-handed people

(and 70% of left handed)

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10
Q

Is the left or right Heschl’s gyrus larger

A

right is larger

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11
Q

what is the insula

A

contains regions related to language and taste perception

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12
Q

what does pitch perception correspond with?

A

frequency of sound waves

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13
Q

hair cells in cochlea code frequency as function of ___

A

location on basilar membrane

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14
Q

what type of frequency waves maximally displaces hair cell cilia at base of cochlea?

A

high frequency waves

results in high pitched noises

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15
Q

what type of frequency waves maximally displaces hair cell cilia at apex of cochlea?

A

low frequency waves

results in low pitched noises

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16
Q

how many hair cells are each bipolar cell connected to? what does this mean?

A

one

therefore info is conveyed about only one spot on basilar membrane

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17
Q

can hair cells respond to frequencies other than the one that maximally displaces them?

A

yes, if amplitude is large enough

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18
Q

what does the anterior end of primary auditory cortex correspond with?

A

apex of cochlea hence low frequencies

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19
Q

what does the posterior end of the primary auditory cortex correspond with?

A

the base of the cochlea hence high frequencies

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20
Q

what do neurons code for

A

pitch
location
loudness
patterns

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21
Q

what codes pitch

A

hair cell cilia on basilar membrane

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22
Q

what are cochlear implants

A

electronic devices surgically inserted in inner ear to help deaf people hear

captures sound via microphone. processor converts frequencies into electric current and stimulates locations on basilar membrane

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23
Q

do bipolar cells fire more when louder or quieter

A

fire more with louder sounds

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24
Q

what is the intensity of sound waves in terms of loudness matched by?

A

vibrations on basilar membrane

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25
what is loudness measured in?
decibels
26
what is pitch measured in
hertz
27
what is loudness associated with
amplitude of sound wave
28
what are the different levels of loudness?
threshold = softest humans can detect (0) normal = between 40-60 damaging/prolonged sounds = 100 and above
29
what two mechanisms are used to detect loudness?
intramural time difference and intramural intensity time difference provided by cochlear nerve synapses on either side of the brain
30
what is intramural time difference? where is the process carried out?
neurons in brainstem computing the difference in a sound wave's arrival time in each ear arrival computation determined in superior olivary complex
31
what happens if sound source is right in front of us? (not off to the side) using intramural time difference mechanism?
ITD becomes smaller until there is no difference results in turning head allowing sound waves to strike one ear sooner
32
what is interaural intensity difference? where is it carried out?
used to detect the source of sound by utilizing the sound's relative loudness on left/right side higher freq waves on one side of head are louder than on the other superior olive and trapezoid bodies calculate difference
33
what happens if sound source is right in front of us (not off to side) using intraural intensity difference?
head must be tilted to detect sound difference just like ITD
34
what happens if sound source is right in front of us (not off to side) using intraural intensity difference?
head must be tilted to detect sound difference just like ITD
35
what two pathways do humans have for audition?
dorsal and ventral
36
what occurs in the neurons of ventral auditory pathway
decode complex sounds (referred to as auditory object recognition) spectral complexity
37
what occurs in the neurons of the dorsal auditory pathway
integrating auditory and somatosensory information
38
what hemisphere does music ability take place in
right hemisphere
39
are languages more similar or different
similar, even though multiple languages may be difficult to learn
40
what did Chomsky discover
humans have innate capacity for language
41
is human language genetic/innate? why?
universal in all populations children learn language early in life easily (don't really need to be taught, learn through observation) languages have common structural elements (syntaxes, have grammar, etc.)
42
describe Broca's research (experiment + conclusions)
examined dead patients who had trouble with speech confirmed that certain language functions located in left frontal lobe due due to this area being damaged area known as Broca's area
43
what is Broca's Area
left hemisphere speech area that functions with motor cortex to produce movements needed for speaking
44
describe Wernicke's research (experiment + conclusions)
examined patients with difficulty understanding langauge identified posterior left temporal lobe (planum temporal) to be a speech zone known as Wernicke's area
45
what is Wernicke's area
area associated with language comprehension
46
Wernicke's aphasia
can speak fluently, but their language makes little sense
47
Broca's aphasia
cannot speak despite having normal comprehension/physiology because they cannot make the movements required to talk
48
what connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas
arcuate fasciculus
49
what is double dissociation
method for showing that two areas of neocortex are functionally dissociated two different behavioural tests used - each must be affected by damage in one area, but not another
50
what is Wernicke's model
thought - wernicke's area - Broca's area - facial area of motor cortex - cranial nerves - speak describes idea that Broca's and Wernicke's work together to allow speaking
51
what did Penfield come up with in terms of brain mapping
engaged in brain stimulation on awake patients during surgery
52
what did Penfield discover
that Broca's area is not the independent site of speech production and Wernicke's area is not the independent site of language comp
53
what four areas did penfield identify?
broca's area wernicke's area dorsal region of frontal lobe (supplementary language area) motor/somatosensory areas for mouth and tongue effects on speech vary by region, but damage to any disrupts speech in some way
54
what is PET
brain-imaging technique that detects changes in blood flow used to study metabolic activity of brain cells engaged in tasks
55
describe outcomes of Zatorre's research
listening to bursts of noise activates primary auditory cortex listening to words activates Wernicke's area discriminating speech sounds activates Broca's area
56
what is A1 primarily responsible for
analyzes all incoming auditory signals, speech and non speech
57
what are secondary auditory areas responsible for
higher order signal processing required for things like analyzing language sound patterns
58
in what hemisphere does music processing take place
right hemisphere
59
in what hemisphere does language processing take place
left. hemisphere
60
describe Ravel case study
developed aphasia due to brain disorder caused by stroke/blow to head in left hemisphere many musical skills still in tact because localized to right hemisphere (ex. recognizing melodies) some abilities gone (like producing music)
61
where does production of music take place in brain
playing writing and composing seem to be localized to left hemisphere
62
where does perception/recognition of music take place in brain
right hemisphere
63
where does listening to bursts of noise take place in brain
Heschl's gyrus
64
where does listening to melodies take place in brain
A2
65
where does comparing pitches take place in brain
frontal lobe
66
who is music therapy most useful for
people post stroke or Parkinson's
67
why is music therapy helpful
listening to rhythm activates motor areas and improves gait/arm movements reduces pain perception and medication use after surgery improves mood in depression/post-traumatic injury patients enhances ability to distinguish speech sounds
68
what are otoacoustic emissions
spontaneous/evoked sound waves produced within ear by cochlea
69
what are spontaneous otoacoustic emissions
occur without external stimulation
70
what are evoked otoacoustic emissions
generated in response to sound waves useful to assessing hearing impairments
71
what is echolocation
ability to use sound to locate objects in space
72
what happens as a result of left-hem dysfunction
seizures
73
what is a seizure
involves losing consciousness, and engaging in repetitive behaviours solved by medication, or surgery
74
what is amnusia
tone deaf - inability to distinguish between musical notes

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