Module 2 - Cell

Question 1

During cell division, the microtubules eventually arrange themselves in a specific manner to form _. These come in pairs and are at right angles with each other.

Answer 1

centrioles

Question 2

Centrioles help in the separation and movement of the replicated genetic materials in the cells called _ to opposite poles. You can observe these as the threadlike structures in a dividing cell.

Answer 2

chromosomes

Question 3

Centrioles are usually surrounded by the _.

Answer 3

pericentriolar materials or pericentriolar matrix

Question 4

The centrioles and the pericentriolar materials form the structure of the _, the place in the cell where microtubules get organized.

Answer 4

centrosome

Question 5

The pericentriolar materials contain proteins that enable the growth of microtubules, leading to the formation of _. These are needed to separate chromosomes during cell division.

Answer 5

spindle finders

Question 6

Centrioles are only visible only in actively dividing animal cells because they are ___.

Answer 6

involved in the development of spindle fibers

Question 7

This serves as the control center of the cell because it is where most of the genetic processes take place.

Answer 7

Nucleus

Question 8

6 Parts of Nucleus

Answer 8

1. nuclear envelope
2. nuclear membranes
3. perinuclear space
4. nucleoplasm
5. chromatin
6. nuclear pores

Question 9

The boundary of the nucleus, composed of the outer and inner nuclear membranes.

Answer 9

nuclear envelope

Question 10

Nuclear envelope is composed of the inner and outer _.

Answer 10

nuclear membranes

Question 11

In between the nuclear membranes.

Answer 11

perinuclear space

Question 12

Inside the nuclear envelope.

Answer 12

nucleoplasm

Question 13

Within the nucleoplasm are strands of _, which is a combination of DNA and proteins. These further condense to form chromosomes during cell division.

The information in this enables the nucleus to control the activities of the cell.

Answer 13

chromatin

Question 14

Substances that move in and out of the nucleus pass through the envelope’s _.

Answer 14

nuclear pores

Question 15

The _ in the chromatin strands is the basis for the duplication of new genetic materials.

The basis of the information taken by the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for protein synthesis.

Answer 15

DNA

Question 16

This ensures that ribosomes will get the information about specific proteins that need to be produced.

Answer 16

messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)

Question 17

This is a membrane-free organelle found inside the nucleus. It is usually spherical in shape. It contains fibrils and granules.

Answer 17

Nucleolus

Question 18

These have the DNA coding for ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

Answer 18

fibrils

Question 19

These contain rRNA molecules with proteins coming from the cytoplasm.

Answer 19

granules

Question 20

The nucleolus is important in creating _, which are the sites of protein synthesis.

Answer 20

ribosomes

Question 21

The rRNA produced by the nucleolus along with the protein exported from cytoplasm produce the _.

Answer 21

ribosomal subunit

Question 22

These are small, dense structures that help in the assembly of proteins in the cell.

Answer 22

Ribosomes

Question 23

Ribosomes may be found freely in the cytoplasm, attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, or as a _, a series of ribosomes attached to mRNA.

Answer 23

polyribosome

Question 24

Ribosomes are not membrane-bound, so they are not organelles. They are composed of two subunits of unequal sizes. The subunits use the _ unit.

This is the unit used for the rate of sedimentation.

Answer 24

Svedberg (S)

Question 25

Determining the rate of sedimentation may require an _, a laboratory instrument that has a rotor that spins really fast.

Answer 25

ultracentrifuge

Question 25

Eukaryotic ribosomes have _S and _S subunits, whereas prokaryotic ribosomes have 50S and 30S. These combine to form 80S and 70S ribosomes, respectively.

Answer 25

60S and 40S

Question 26

A network of interconnected sacs.

Answer 26

cisterna

Question 26

In between the membranes of ER is the _, or the cisternal space. The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is connected to the nuclear envelope, runs through the cytoplasm, and may also extend into the cell membrane.

Answer 26

lumen

Question 26

Ribosomes work with the other parts of the cell to synthesize proteins or _. It starts inside the nucleus. _ in ribosome takes approximately 60 minutes in an animal cell and much faster in a bacterium. The information in the DNA is decoded by the mRNA. Once done, mRNA moves out of the nucleus toward the ribosome. The ribosome will create proteins based on the information given by the mRNA.

Answer 26

Protein synthesis

Question 27

A membrane-bound organelle that forms a network of interconnected sacs called "cisterna" (plural: cisternae).

Answer 27

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 28

When ribosomes are attached to the ER, it gives a rough appearance; hence, the ER is called _.

Answer 28

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 29

When ribosomes are not present in the ER, its appearance is smooth, and is thus called _.

Answer 29

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 30

The rough ER is a series of flattened sacs that manufacture secretory proteins such as _.

Answer 30

pancreatic cells

Question 31

These pancreatic cells produce _ and _ in the digestive tract that aid in the breakdown of food to its simpler form. The ribosomes attached to the RER synthesize proteins during translation. Some proteins move to the Golgi apparatus for modification, packaging, and distribution from the cell to their proper destination within the cell.

Answer 31

insulin and enzymes

Question 32

A tubule network that has an extensive array of functions such as carbs and lipids (cholesterol and phospholipid that assemble cell membrane structure) syntheses. It also detoxifies the cell of certain substances.

Answer 32

smooth ER

Question 33

Like ER, membrane-bound organelle _ also consist of cisternae.

Answer 33

Golgi bodies

Question 34

Two faces in the Golgi bodies

Answer 34

cis face & trans face

Question 35

The Golgi bodies' face facing the ER:

Answer 35

cis face

Question 35

The Golgi bodies' face facing the cytoplasm or cell membrane:

Answer 35

trans face

Question 35

The substance produced in the ER enters its _, the space inside the organelle.

Answer 35

lumen

Question 36

The substance after being produced in the ER then pinches off to become a _. It moves toward the cis face.

Answer 36

vesicle

Question 37

Golgi bodies may modify the substances in vesicle by putting _ so that they will be recognized and accepted in their respective destinations.

Answer 37

tags

Question 38

A membrane-bound organelle that originated from ER.

Answer 38

Lysosomes

Question 39

Cells that are active in secretion.

Answer 39

epithelial cells

Question 40

Lysosomes have _, proteins that use water to break down substances.

Answer 40

hydrolytic enzymes

Question 41

3 Functions of Hydrolytic Enzymes

Answer 41

1. digest food 2. recycle old components of the cell 3. kill invading microorganisms

Question 42

The digested food and recycled components are released into the cytoplasm to be used by the cell. The indigestible food stays in the lysosomes, which eventually become _.

Answer 42

residual bodies

Question 43

Residual bodies can be eliminated by _.

Answer 43

exocytosis

Question 44

The lysosomes can also fuse with these vesicles containing microorganisms.

Answer 44

phagosomes

Question 45

Lysosomes in animal cells appear as spherical bodies around _ in diameter. There may be several hundred lysosomes in a single animal cell.

Answer 45

0.5-1.0um

Question 46

A double-membrane organelle. Considered semi-dependent. They can make their own DNA and ribosomes. They also undergo fusion prior to replication for them to maintain stability in shape and not to become smaller when they divide.

Answer 46

Mitochondrion

Question 47

The outer membrane of mitochondria serves as its covering, while the inner membrane is folded many times to create the _.

Answer 47

cristae

Question 48

Inside the cristae is the _ that contains different enzymes.

Answer 48

matrix

Question 49

Also found in the mitochondrion are __.

Answer 49

circular molecules of DNA and ribosomes

Question 50

How many mitochondria are in a typical animal liver cell?T

Answer 50

About 1000-2000 mitochondria

Question 51

How is mitochondrion inherited in humans?

Answer 51

Through the mother

Question 52

The mitochondria is responsible for producing _, the energy currency of the cell.

Answer 52

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 53

Appendages responsible for the locomotion of cells, which is due to the specialized arrangements of microtubules.

Answer 53

flagella and cilia

Question 54

Flagella and cilia both have the central core called _, which surrounded by the extension of cell membrane.

Answer 54

axoneme

Question 55

The microtubules in axoneme have an arrangement of _, which means that there are nine outer doublet microtubules with two at the center.

Answer 55

9+2

Question 56

The axoneme is connected to the _, which is identical to the appearance of the centriole.

Answer 56

basal body

Question 57

Flagella and cilia allow movement. A flagellum moves in a whiplike manner, such as that of _, a protis.

Answer 57

Euglena

Question 58

Cilia require power and recovery strokes, as in the swimming movement of the _, a protist.

Answer 58

Paramecium

Question 59

_ found in kidneys play a vital role in receiving signals from the outer environment.

Answer 59

Primary cilia

Question 60

In plant cells, there is an additional cell covering called "_". It maintains the shape of the plant, protects the cell, and helps regulate the cell's uptake of water.

Answer 60

cell wall

Question 61

The cell wall is located outside the cell membrane and is primarily made of _, a substance composed of a long chain of carbohydrates.

Answer 61

polysaccharides

Question 62

Newly formed plant cells have _, which are thin and flexible.

Answer 62

primary cell walls

Question 63

When growth stops, _ often develop either by thickening the primarily walls or depositing new layers.

Answer 63

secondary cell wall

Question 64

The secondary cw also contains more cellulose and may have _, a substance which is the primary component of wood.

Answer 64

lignin

Question 65

Channels in the cell wall that allow the exchange of substances between adjacent cells.

Answer 65

Plasmodesmata

Question 66

Composed of amino acids and sugars. This in the cell walls of bacteria give their structure and provide protection. The presence of such can be identified using a Gram stain

Answer 66

Peptidoglycan

Question 67

These have thicker layers of peptidoglycan than Gram-negative bacteria (lighter color in microscope)

Answer 67

Gram-positive bacteria

Question 68

A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide similar to cellulose. It forms semitransparent substance.

Answer 68

Chitin

Question 69

Increase the surface area of the roots for greater absorption rate of water and minerals.

Answer 69

root hairs

Question 70

Plants can make their own food through _, a series of chemical reactions using sunlight to convert CO2 and water to glucose.

Answer 70

photosynthesis

Question 71

Can either be stored as starch or be used in respiration later on.

Answer 71

Glucose

Question 71

By-product of photosynthesis.

Answer 71

oxygen

Question 72

A double-membrane organelle that undergo cytoplasmic streaming to distribute nutrients.

Answer 72

chloroplasts

Question 73

Inside the chloroplasts is the colorless fluid surrounding several grana.

Answer 73

stroma

Question 74

Each granum contains several stacks of _.

Answer 74

thylakoids

Question 75

These thylakoids contain _, the green pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis and also for the plant's color.

Answer 75

chlorophyll

Question 76

The space inside the thylakoid, which serves as the site for several reactions during photosynthesis.

Answer 76

lumen

Question 77

Each granum is connected to one another via the _ or the _.

Answer 77

intergrana thylakoids or stroma thylakoids

Question 78

The vacuole that occupies the largest space.

Answer 78

central vacuole

Question 79

Membrane surrounding the central vacuole

Answer 79

tonoplast

Question 80

In animals, vacuole is for the temporary storage of substances. In plants, vacuoles is to maintain _ to keep the cell from wilting. This is the pressure exerted onto the cell wall by water moving into the cell.

Answer 80

turgor pressure