Module 2: Developmental Theories Flashcards
(43 cards)
Who was G. Stanley Hall
Was influenced by Darwin; believed children developed over lifetime like species did
Who is John B. Watson
Founder of behaviorism, emphasized the role of the environment and nurture on human development; believed that human behavior was conditioned or learned
Who is Sigmund Freud
Focused on “psychosexual development”, must pass through stage, previous stage is prereq. for the next
Who is Arnold Gesell
A student of G. Stanley Hall; view that human development depends on biological “maturation”; created the order and normal age range
Who is Jean Piaget
Cognitive development; stages of development; assimilation and accommodation
Defense Mechanism
Psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from unpleasant thoughts
Ego
The part of self that helps balance id and superego by satisfying id desires in a rational way
Id
The part of self that is biologically driven; instincts, drive, etc.
Superego
The part of self that acts as our conscience; tells us how to behave
Psychosocial Theory
Erikson’s theory that social relationships are important for personality development; discontinuous, both nature and nurture
Behavioral Perspective
Suggests that the key to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning in which an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus -> neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus, which brings about the conditioned response; continuous, mostly nurture
Operant Conditioning
Target behavior enforced by a reward or punishment to strengthen or weaken the behavior; continuous, mostly nurture
Social-Cognitive Learning Theory
Learning occurs in a social context, relationship between person and environment in which learning will occur; continuous, mostly nurture
Reciprocal Determinism
The interplay between our personality and the way we interpret events and how they influence us
Accommodation
Occurs when new information/experiences cause you to modify your existing information
Assimilation
The cognitive process that manages how we take new information and incorporate it into existing knowledge
Cognitive Perspective
Focuses on the process that allows people to know, understand and think about the world
Concrete Operational Stage
(7-11 y/o): can think logically about real(concrete) events, firm grasp of numbers and start to use memory
Egocentrism
The child is not able to take the perspective of others; typically during the preoperational stage
Formal Operational Stage
(11 y/o-adulthood): Abstract ideas and hypothetical situations
Information-Processing Approach
Ways that someone takes in, uses, and stores information; continuous, both nature and nurture
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Four distinct stage in children: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal; discontinuous, both nature and nurture
Schemas
Existing framework for an object or concept
