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Psych 211 - Developmental Psychology > Module 2 - From Conception to Birth > Flashcards

Module 2 - From Conception to Birth Flashcards

Chapter 2 and 3

1
Q

define epigenesis

A

the emergence of new structures and function during development

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2
Q

define gametes

A

reproductive cells, egg and sperm, that contain only half the genetic material of all other cells in the body

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3
Q

define meiosis

A

gametes are produced by a form of cell division in which the eggs and sperm receive only one member from each of the 23 chromosomes pairs contained in all the other cells. the reduction is necessary as it matters for the union of the egg and sperm

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4
Q

define conception

A

the union of an egg and sperm in the women;s uterus. once union occurs, a chemical is released in the women to prevent other spemr from entering

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5
Q

define zyote

A

a fertilized egg cell that is composed of human genetic material

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6
Q

What are the 4 main developmental processes that create a fetus?

A
  1. cell divison
  2. cell migration
  3. cell differentiation
  4. death
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7
Q

what is the difference between an emryo and a fetus?

A

an embryo is a developping organsim from the 3rd to 8th week and fetus is from the 9th week onward to 40

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8
Q

define cell division

A

also known as mitosis, the zygote will divide into 2 equal parts, contained proper amount fo genetic material. then they conitue to divide into 4, 8, 16 and so on. This will continue to occur for the whole 38 weeks to create a fetus

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9
Q

define migration

A

this is the movement of newly formed cells away from the point of origin (ex. neurons)

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10
Q

define cell differentiation

A

here, the cells are referred to as embryonic stem cells as they can become any different kind of cell in the body. Cells will become specialised parts of the body from location and their communication with neighbouring cells.

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11
Q

define death as the final stage in the developmental process

A

this is known as apoptosis, which is genetically programmed cell death. and this follows a specific timeline that are programmed into the cells.

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12
Q

at what stage will indentifcal twins orginate?

A

also called monozygotic, it will happen when they cells have created the inner cell mass. This will split in half, creating 2 cells with the same genetic makeup.

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13
Q

how are monozygotic and dizygotic twins different?

A

monozygotic occurs when the 1 created cell then goes to divide into 2, to create two cells of the same genetic material. where for dizygotic, to eggs are fertilized in the fallopian tubes, giving them different genetic material.

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14
Q

What happens in the 1st week if all goes well?

A

the zygote will embed itselfs into the uterine lining and become dependent on the mother for sustenance. cells will start to differentiate and create a support system with the amnitic sac and the placenta.

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15
Q

define neural tube

A

a groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually become the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

how do the amniotic sac and placenta support the embryo?

A

the amniotic sac is a fluid-filled sac where the fetus will float to act as a protective buffer, maintaining the fetus at the same temperature and cushioning it. the placenta is a temporary support organ with a semipermeable membrane that permits the exchange of materials to the fetus from the mom.

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17
Q

define umbilical cord

A

a tube containing blood vessels connecting the fetus and placenta

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18
Q

define cephalocaudal development

A

the pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas farther

head-to-tail development

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19
Q

what week does the heart began to appear and beat?

A

after 4 weeks

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20
Q

what are the main milestones reached at the weeks during development

A

look at table in one note

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21
Q

what is the first movement that a fetus does?

A

around 5-6 weeks, the fetus will hiccup

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22
Q

what does sucking your thumb in the whomb have to do with you outside of the womb?

A

most fetuses who suck their right thumb are more likely to become right-handed and vice versa

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23
Q

what is the difference between habituation and dishabituation?

A

habituation is a simple form of learning that involves a decrease in response to repeated stimulation. dishabituation is an intro of a new stimulus that creates new interest following habituation to a repeated stimulus.

24
Q

what happens in the first 2 weeks of conception?

A
  • the egg is fertilized
  • cell begins to divide exponentially within hours of fertilization, doubling 2x per day
  • 4th day, cells create a hollow sphere with an inner cell mass
  • if implanted into uterus, become mebryo
  • amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord
25
Q

how does the mother help to support and nurish the developing fetus?

A

the mother supplies oxygen, nutrients, minerals, and antibodies to the fetus, and it gets rid of the baby’s waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea.

26
Q

how do you know if twins will share a placenta and amniotic sac?

A

if they divide before implantation, they each have their own of both, but if they split after implantation, they share a placenta but have their own sacs. if it is even later, they can shared both.

27
Q

define embryo

A
  • developing from the 3rd to 8th week
  • major internal organs start to develop (hear, limbs, sensory organs, brain)
  • cephalocaudal development
28
Q

define fetus

A
  • developing from the 9th week onward
  • at 9 weeks: all major organs are present
  • at 16 weeks: development of lower half; genitals may be visible
  • at 28 weeks, lungs and hearts are sufficiently developed (in case of premature birth, possible for the baby to survive)
29
Q

What are some of the actions that fetuses do in the placenta?

A
  • moving, wiggling, and kicking
  • thumb-sucking
  • hiccupping
  • swallowing (promotes digestive system)
  • cycles between activity and rest
30
Q

what kinds of learning do fetuses engage in?

A

what is learned prenatally, through the mother, can influence a babies preferences once borned
- study of carrot vs water beverages and cat in the hat sucking patterns

31
Q

define teratogens

A

any external agent or substance that can cause harm to an organism during prenatal development
- alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, antidepressants, Accutane, birth control pills, lead, mercury, parasites

32
Q

define sensitive period with teratogens

A

the time during which a developing organism is most sensitive to the effect of external factors is within the first 8 weeks. all systems have a different period for when its the most sensitive

33
Q

define dose-response relation for teratogens

A

greater exposure = worse outcome

34
Q

define fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A

Describes the impact on the brain and body when exposed to alcohol. Alcohol is passed through the placenta into the bloodstream and amniotic fluid. One of the most prevalent developmental disorders. It is often misdiagnosed.
- attention, hyperactivity
- communication problems
- emotion regulation

35
Q

what are some facial features common in cases of FASD?

A

small eyes, absence of the vertical groove between nose and upper lip, and a thin upper lip

36
Q

what is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

genotype is the genetic material an individual inherits whereas phenotype is the genotype that is expressed (body characteristics and behaviour)

37
Q

how are genes expressed?

A

some geners may never or only partially expressed. Genes will have 2 or more alleles (dominant/recessive versions of a gene)

phenotype does not always reflect gentoypes

38
Q

define regulator genes

A

switch other genes on and off
- if a gene never gets switched on, the gene will never be expressed
- environmental factors influence the function of these genes

39
Q

what are most traits, when it comes to genes?

A

polygenic, meaning they are overned more than on gene

40
Q

what is the MAO-A gene?

A

it is an enzyme that regulates mood, aggression, and other things. has several alleles that correspond with the level that MAOA is produced.

41
Q

define epigenetics

A

the study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment. it doesn’t change the genotype itself, but how it can be expressed.

42
Q

how are family studies used to investigate heredity?

A

they look at blood relatives and see how much they resemble each other on a specific trait. Greater similaire in related than unrelated = more genetic influence. focusing on the degree of relatedness (siblings vs cousins). not the best way to look at genes as families also share environments.

43
Q

how are twin studies used to investigate heredity?

A

looking at how much identical and fraternal twins resemble each other on specific traits.
- Identical twins share close to 100% of the same genotype and also share the same prenatal environment.
- fraternal share around 50% of their genotype, same as other siblings, and also share samep aspects of prenatal environment

44
Q

how are adoption studies used to investigate heredity?

A

looking at how adopted children represent biologcal vs adoptive parents. Biological = genotypes and adoptive = environment.
- most clearly operates environment from genetics

45
Q

define heritability

A

a statistical estimate of how much of the measured variance on a phenotypic trait among individuals in a given population is attributed to genetic difference between those individuals

46
Q

define neurogenesis

A

proliferation of neurons through cell division, begins weeks after conception
- will migrate to their location
- grow and differentation

47
Q

define synaptogenesis

A

formation of synapses with other neurons, making trillions of connected (too many connections are formed)

48
Q

define synaptic pruning

A

process by which synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated

49
Q

define plasticity

A

the capacity of the brain to be affected and changed by experiences

50
Q

define experience-expectant plasticity

A

normal wiring of the brain occurs as a result of experiences that every human should presumably experience 9expecting certain experiences to change the brain)
- ex. language, vision
- can allow us to be very versatile but in the absence of this, the brain doesn’t develop as it should have (sensitive periods for development)

51
Q

define experience-dependent plasticity

A

the creation and reorganization of neural connections throughout life as a function of an individual’s life experiences
- ex. all other ways your unique life experiences will go to change your brain

52
Q

what are some common drugs that could cause problems during development?

A

antidepressants, opioids, marijuana, cigarettes, e-cigs, alcohol

53
Q

what are some of the maternal factors that lead to problematic development?

A

age, malnutrition, disease, emotional state

54
Q

what are the 5 relations that are fundamental in the development of a child?

A
  1. parents genotype and childs genotype
  2. child genotype and child phenotype
  3. childs environment and childs phenotype
  4. childs phenotype and childs environment
    5.childs environment and childs genotype
55
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms use to create variability among individuals?

A

random assortment and mutations

56
Q

define endophenotypes

A

intermediate phenotypes, including the brain and nervous system, that do not involve overt behaviour

57
Q

define behaviour genetics

A

the science concerned with how variation in behaviour and development results from the combination of genetic and environmental factours

Psych 211 - Developmental Psychology (12 decks)

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