Module 2 Methods

Question 1

A medical procedure to remove or otherwise destroy tissue

Answer 1

Ablation

Question 2

the tendency for participants to agree or respond “yes” to all questions regardless of their actual opinions

Answer 2

Acquiescent response bias

Question 3

A person’s affirmative permission to take part in a research study. In cases of decisional impairment, assent must be obtained in addition to informed consent

Answer 3

assent

Question 4

A concept of research ethics whereby researchers strive to do ‘good’ in a research study

Answer 4

Beneficence

Question 5

An unfair or unequal representation of a person or thing

Answer 5

Bias

Question 6

An in-depth analysis of a unique circumstance or individual

Answer 6

Case study

Question 7

A person who is acting as a participant, but in reality, is another researcher

Answer 7

Confederate

Question 8

Other variables that may influence one or both variables that we are measuring, thereby influencing the correlation coefficient

Answer 8

Confounding variable

Question 9

A measure (denoted as r) that captures the direction and strength of a relationship between variables

Answer 9

Correlation

Question 10

A numerical representation of the strength of the relationship between variables (denoted as r)

Answer 10

Correlation coefficient

Question 11

Facts or information collected, examined, and considered for decision-making processes

Answer 11

Data

Question 12

Information provided to participants about what the researcher was investigating and how their participation will contribute to the research question

Answer 12

Debriefing

Question 13

The act of withholding information about the purpose and procedures of the study during the informed consent process

Answer 13

Deception

Question 14

Instances that diminish a potential participant’s capacity to provide informed consent

Answer 14

Decisional impairment

Question 15

Any means to capture, record, or otherwise, describe a group. These methods are concerned with identifying ‘what is’ rather than ‘why it is.’

Answer 15

descriptive methods

Question 16

The extent to which research findings in the lab can be generalized to the real world

Answer 16

Ecological validity

Question 17

The combination of inclusion and exclusion criteria to create a set of characteristics shared by all participants that ensure that those participating will meaningfully help to address the research question.

Answer 17

Eligibility criteria

Question 18

A part of the cerebral cortex found on the ventral part of the temporal lobes and known to play a role in behavior and memory

Answer 18

Entorhinal cortex

Question 19

Memories whose contents pertain to specific events (“episodes”)

Answer 19

Episodic memory

Question 20

An attribute of a person that would prevent them from participating research study

Answer 20

Exclusion criteria

Question 21

The ethical principle of developing trusting relationships between researchers and participants

Answer 21

Fidelity

Question 22

An experiment that takes place in ‘real-world’ settings in which a researcher manipulates and controls the conditions of the behavior under observation

Answer 22

field experiments

Question 23

A part of the cerebral cortex known to play a role in the transference of certain types of memories into long-term memory stores

Answer 23

Hippocampus

Question 24

Educated prediction about the outcome of an experiment

Answer 24

Hypothesis

Question 25

The tendency to describe our own behavior as better than average

Answer 25

illusory superiority

Question 26

An attribute of participants that is necessary to be a part of a research study

Answer 26

Inclusion criterion

Question 27

The process by which research participants learn about and understand the purpose, benefits, and potential risks of participating in a research study

Answer 27

Informed consent

Question 28

A committee of independent people who review and assess whether a research project will be carried out in a way that is consistent with general ethical principles

Answer 28

Institutional review board (IRB)

Question 29

An ethical principle that psychologists should engage in accurate, honest, and non-biased practices in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology

Answer 29

Integrity

Question 30

An ethical principle in research whereby those people who participate in the research process should also be the same people who stand to benefit from the research outcomes

Answer 30

Justice

Question 31

A straight line on a scatterplot showing the general relationship of data points

Answer 31

Line of best fit

Question 32

The act of doing harm

Answer 32

Maleficence

Question 33

Observation of behavior as it happens, without an attempt to manipulate or control the subjects' natural environment

Answer 33

Naturalistic observation

Question 34

Variables that change in the opposite direction. An increase in one variable leads to a decrease in the other

Answer 34

Negative correlation

Question 35

A research method in which a researcher becomes part of the group under investigation

Answer 35

Participant observation

Question 36

All members of a group

Answer 36

population

Question 37

When variables change in the same direction; as one variable increases, the other variable increases, or as one variable decreases, the other variable decreases

Answer 37

Positive correlation

Question 38

Memories whose contents pertain to how something is done, such as the motor skills involved in walking and riding a bicycle

Answer 38

Procedural memories

Question 39

The belief or theory that reason is the key source of knowledge

Answer 39

Rationalism

Question 40

A term referring to a 'do-over' of a study using the same methods, but different subjects and investigators

Answer 40

Replication

Question 41

A set of principles or standards of behavior for psychologists to follow in research

Answer 41

Research ethics

Question 42

The tendency for people to answer the question the way they feel they are expected to answer or in systematic ways that are otherwise inaccurate

Answer 42

Response bias

Question 43

A subset (or portion) of a population

Answer 43

Sample

Question 44

A sample that deviates from a true representation of a population

Answer 44

Sampling error

Question 45

A type of graph that has one variable on the x-axis (the horizontal axis) and the other variable on the y-axis (the vertical axis) and provides a visual representation of relationships between variables

Answer 45

Scatterplot

Question 46

A six-step method of acquiring knowledge and methodologically answering questions

Answer 46

Scientific method

Question 47

Rational explanations to describe and predict future behavior

Answer 47

Scientific theories

Question 48

Memories whose contents relate to specific facts and pieces of meaningful information not based on personal experience

Answer 48

Semantic memories

Question 49

When the freedom of 'choice' to participate in research is compromised as a result of undue influence from another source

Answer 49

Situational vulnerability

Question 50

Participants respond to questions in ways that would be seen as acceptable by others

Answer 50

Socially desirable bias

Question 51

A method using questions to collect information on how people think or act

Answer 51

Survey

Question 52

Any group of individuals who may not be able to provide free and informed consent to participate in research

Answer 52

Vulnerable populations

Question 53

A bias whereby only a motivated fraction of a population responds to a survey or participate in research

Answer 53

Volunteer bias

Question 54

The influence of language, or wording, on people's responses to survey questions

Answer 54

Wording effects

Question 55

Two variables that exhibit no apparent relationship

Answer 55

Zero correlation