Module 5 sensation & perception

Question 1

The process through which the lens changes shape to bring objects into focus on the retina

Answer 1

Accommodation

Question 2

the location in the temporal lobe where auditory information is processed.

Answer 2

auditory cortex

Question 3

The tissue inside the cochlea where the hair cells are located

Answer 3

Basilar membrane

Question 4

Auditory cues that require comparisons from both ears to understand an object’s location

Answer 4

Binaural cues

Question 5

These cues require comparing an image as it falls on both eyes in order to understand how far away an object is from the viewer

Answer 5

Binocular depth cues

Question 6

The processing of physical messages delivered to the senses

Answer 6

Bottom-up processing

Question 7

Sensory cells in the nose that respond to air molecules that we interpret as smell and taste

Answer 7

Chemoreceptors

Question 8

A snail-shaped structure in the inner ear where the auditory hair cells are located

Answer 8

Chochlea

Question 9

Cells in the visual striate cortex that respond to lines of specific orientations in motion

Answer 9

Complex cells

Question 10

A type of photoreceptor in the retina that is typically most responsive to bright lighting conditions and is responsible for communicating information about acuity and color

Answer 10

cone

Question 11

A term for several rare conditions where an individual is unable to experience pain

Answer 11

Congenital Analgesia

Question 12

The transparent covering of the eye; performs about 80% of the focusing of a visual image

Answer 12

cornea

Question 13

Part of the bipolar layer of the retina. These cells receive signals from the rods and send their messages to large (magno) ganglion cells

Answer 13

Diffuse bipolar cells

Question 14

Also known as the Where stream, this pathway takes information from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe, where we are able to identify object location

Answer 14

dorsal stream

Question 15

Specialized cells in the visual cortex that respond most actively to specific stimuli

Answer 15

feature detectors

Question 16

he portion of the retina directly behind the pupil. It contains a large concentration of cones and no rods

Answer 16

fovea

Question 17

The physical measurement of pitch, or how high/low a sound is. It is measured in Hertz (Hz)

Answer 17

frequency

Question 18

The theory of audition that suggests we understand pitch because of the rate of cellular firing on the basilar membrane

Answer 18

frequenct theory

Question 19

A theory of pain perception that suggests that painful stimuli can be blocked in the spinal cord when you are engaged in other activities

Answer 19

Gate-control theory of pain

Question 20

The sensory neurons inside the inner ear that convert sound into neural firing

Answer 20

Hair cells (auditory)

Question 21

The sensory neurons inside the vestibular sacs that convert information about gravity into neural firing

Answer 21

hair cells (vestibular)

Question 22

The physical measurement of the loudness of a sound. This is measured in decibels (dB)

Answer 22

Intensity

Question 23

The brain compares intensity differences of sound as it arrives at each ear in order to understand object location

Answer 23

interaural level difference

Question 24

Comparisons made between the small differences in arrival time of a sound in each ear

Answer 24

interaural time differences

Question 25

Also known as an earworm, it is the auditory experience of an inability to dislodge a song from one's consciousness

Answer 25

involuntary musical imagery

Question 26

The ring of pigmented tissue surrounding the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil, thereby controlling the amount of light that reaches the retina

Answer 26

iris

Question 27

This term refers to our sense of where our bodies are in space and how to move the body to accomplish specific tasks

Answer 27

kinesthetic sense

Question 28

Part of the ganglion layer of the retina. Receive signals from the diffuse bipolar cells. The axons of these cells leave the eye and form part of the optic nerve. Also known as magno cells

Answer 28

large ganglion cells

Question 29

he 6-layered portion of the thalamus that processes and organizes visual information

Answer 29

lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 30

A flexible piece of tissue, located behind the pupil that focuses light on the retina

Answer 30

lens

Question 31

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to long wavelengths of light (e.g., reds). Also known as L-cones

Answer 31

long wavelength cones

Question 32

Receptors in the skin that sense different kinds of pressure

Answer 32

mechanoreceptors

Question 33

The portion of the thalamus that evaluates and organizes auditory information before sending it to the auditory cortex

Answer 33

medial geniculate nucleus

Question 34

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to medium wavelengths of light (e.g., greens & yellows). Also known as M-cones

Answer 34

medium wavelength cones

Question 35

Part of the bipolar layer of the retina. These cells receive signals from cones and send their messages to the small (parvo) ganglion cells

Answer 35

midget bipolar cells

Question 36

Also known as pictorial cues, these depth cues only require one eye to understand messages of depth

Answer 36

monocular depth cues

Question 37

A stimulus that produces smells that can be perceived by the nose

Answer 37

odorant

Question 38

The tissue that contains the chemoreceptors of the nose

Answer 38

olfactory mucosa

Question 39

Neurons that are specifically responsive to odorants

Answer 39

olfactory receptors neurons (ORN)

Question 40

A theory of color vision that suggests that cells in the visual pathway increase their activation when receiving information from one kind of cone and decrease their activation when they see a second color

Answer 40

opponent process theory

Question 41

An X-shaped structure where the optic nerves from each eye cross before the message is sent to the thalamus

Answer 41

optic chiasm

Question 42

the region of the brain that analyzes both taste and smell

Answer 42

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 43

The three smallest bones in the body. They are responsible for amplifying vibrations arriving at the eardrum and transmitting these signals to the oval window of the cochlea

Answer 43

ossicles

Question 44

The little bumps on the surface of the tongue where tastebuds are located

Answer 44

papillae

Question 45

The processing of stimuli to create a sensory understanding of the world

Answer 45

perception

Question 46

These cells, also called photosensitive cells, are specifically sensitive to exposure to light

Answer 46

photoreceptors

Question 47

The external part of the ear

Answer 47

pinna

Question 48

The theory of audition that suggests we understand pitch because of the location of firing on the basilar membrane

Answer 48

place theory

Question 49

A field of psychology that attempts to evaluate the way the physical experience of sensations is translated into perceptions

Answer 49

psychphysics

Question 50

The hole in the center of the eye that allows light to enter

Answer 50

pupil

Question 51

The thin layer of tissue on the back of each eye that contains the photosensitive receptor cells

Answer 51

retina

Question 52

The difference between the retinal image that falls on both eyes. The brain uses disparity to calculate the distance between an individual and an object

Answer 52

retinal disparity

Question 53

The spatial organization of the retinal image is maintained through the visual pathway

Answer 53

retinotopic organization

Question 54

One kind of photoreceptor in the retina; it typically is most responsive to low levels of light

Answer 54

rod

Question 55

The structures in the inner ear that sense changes in acceleration and the rotation of the head

Answer 55

semicircular canals

Question 56

The elementary parts of the environment that the brain uses to create meaning

Answer 56

sensations

Question 57

A visual depiction of what our bodies would look like if they were built in proportion to their representation on the cortex

Answer 57

sensory homunculus

Question 58

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to short wavelengths (e.g., blues). Also known as S-cones

Answer 58

short cones

Question 59

Feature-detecting cells in the visual striate cortex that respond to lines of specific orientations

Answer 59

simple cells

Question 60

Part of the ganglion layer of the retina. Receive signals from the midget bipolar cells. The axons of these cells leave the eye and form part of the optic nerve. Also known as parvo cells

Answer 60

small ganglion cells

Question 61

The location in the parietal lobe where touch and motion are processed

Answer 61

somatosensory cortex

Question 62

The spatial organization of touch; two adjacent points on your skin are represented by adjacent points on the somatosensory cortex

Answer 62

somatotopic organization

Question 63

The location of taste-sensitive cells on the tongue

Answer 63

taste pore

Question 64

Receptors in the skin specifically designed to detect changes in temperature

Answer 64

Thermoreceptors

Question 65

The spatial organization of the basilar membrane is maintained through the auditory pathway

Answer 65

tonotopic organization

Question 66

The integration of a person's beliefs, memories, and expectations into their sensory experiences to create a perception

Answer 66

top-down processing

Question 67

The process by which external sensations are converted into neural firing in the brain

Answer 67

Transduction

Question 68

theory of color vision that proposes that color information is identified by comparing the activation of different cones in the retin

Answer 68

trichromatic theory

Question 69

Also known as the eardrum, this structure transfers energy to the three smallest bones of the body known as the ossicles

Answer 69

tympanic membrane

Question 70

Also known as the What stream, this pathway takes information from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe where we are able to identify an object

Answer 70

ventral stream

Question 71

the structures in the inner ear that respond to cues associated with balance and posture

Answer 71

vestibular sacs

Question 72

Also known as our sense of balance

Answer 72

vestibular sense

Question 73

The location in the occipital lobe where visual information is organized and analyzed

Answer 73

visual striate cortex

Question 74

The physical distance from one energy cycle to the next; changes in wavelength are often perceived as changes in colo

Answer 74

wavelength