Module 2: Psychology and the Human Body

Question 1

A _____ is a nerve cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.

Answer 1

Neuron

Question 2

How many neurons does the brain contains?

Answer 2

85-86 billion

Question 3

_____ is the area where neurons receive most of their information.

Answer 3

Dendrites

Question 4

In the dendrites, there are receptors that are designed to pick up signals from other neurons that come in the form of chemicals called _______.

Answer 4

neurotransmitters

Question 5

_____, or cell body keeps the neuron alive and takes the information from the dendrites.

Answer 5

Soma

Question 6

What area does the soma puts all the information together?

Answer 6

Axon hillock

Question 7

In the axon hillock, if the signal is strong enough then a signal is sent to the _____ in which it carries and transmits the information to other parts of the cell.

Answer 7

axon

Question 8

The signal that is sent to the axon is called a _____.

Answer 8

action potential

Question 9

_____ is a fatty layer that wraps around the axon of the neuron. This insulatory material helps prevent the signal from degrading.

Answer 9

Myelin sheath

Question 10

Myelin is type of _____ called _____in the CNS and _____ in the PNS.

Answer 10

glial cells; oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

Question 11

______ also called as support cells as they serves to protect the neurons as they heal and reconnect and help clean up after dead neurons.

Answer 11

Myelin sheath

Question 12

These terminals contains synaptic vesicles that serve as a holding station for neurotransmitters before they are released into the synapse to be received by the next neuron.

Answer 12

Axon terminals

Question 13

This is the space between the axon of a neuron and the dendrite of another.

Answer 13

Synapse

Question 14

The movement of charged particles across the membrane of the cell is mostly of ______.

Answer 14

positively charged ions

Question 15

In the resting potential, there’s a high concentration of sodium ions (NA+) ______ of the cell membrane and also a high concentration of potassium ions (K+) ______ of the cell membrane.

Answer 15

outside; inside

Question 16

What is the overall negative internal charge in resting potential?

Answer 16

-70 mV

Question 17

Resting is the point where the cell has achieved ______.

Answer 17

electrochemical equilibrium

Question 18

What are the two forces that contributes to electrochemical equilibrium?

Answer 18

concentration gradient and electrical gradient

Question 19

What type of force is being describe: Since K+ ions are positively charged, they are attracted to the negatively charged inside of the neuron.

Answer 19

Electrical gradient

Question 20

What type of force is being describe: K+ ions naturally want to move down, from an area of high concentration (inside the neuron) to an area of low concentration (outside the neuron).

Answer 20

Concentration gradient

Question 21

This is the beginning of an impulse.

Answer 21

Depolarization

Question 22

How does the depolarization begin?

Answer 22

If a stimulus such as neurotransmitter or sensory input triggers it.

Question 23

What gate is open during depolarization?

Answer 23

Voltage-gated sodium channel

Question 24

During depolarization, which is positive and which is negative?

Answer 24

Inside is positive while outside is negative

Question 25

What is the membrane potential (mV) during depolarization?

Answer 25

-70 mV up to +40 mV

Question 26

What is the certain threshold for action potential?

Answer 26

-55 mV or more

Question 27

During this phase, voltage-gated potassium channels will open and allow them to flow out of the cell.

Answer 27

Repolarization

Question 28

During repolarization, which is positive and which is negative?

Answer 28

Outside is positive while inside is negative

Question 29

During this period, a stimuli would be less responsive because of electrochemical gradient.

Answer 29

Refractory Period

Question 30

How can the refractory period return to resting potential?

Answer 30

Sodium-potassium pump

Question 31

Because of the refractory period where sodium ions will not flow out of the cell by diffusion, action potentials can only move in _____.

Answer 31

one direction

Question 32

Once the signal reaches axon terminals, _____ open up and release neurotransmitters into the synapse.

Answer 32

synaptic vesicles

Question 33

___ is the gap between the axon terminal and the dendrite of the next neuron.

Answer 33

Synapse

Question 34

Synapse comes from the Greek word which means _______.

Answer 34

to clasp or to join

Question 35

This is the root of many psychiatric disorders

Answer 35

Synapse

Question 36

What are the two types of synapses?

Answer 36

Electrical Synapse Chemical Synapse

Question 37

These synapses usually happen in gap junctions, less common but are super fast and the signal transmission can be bidirectional.

Answer 37

Electrical Synapses

Question 38

These synapses are much more abundant but slower. They are more precise and selective in what messages to send.

Answer 38

Chemical synapses

Question 39

Chemical synapses uses ____ that diffuse across a synaptic gap to deliver their message.

Answer 39

neurotransmitters

Question 40

This is a process where synaptic connections in the brain become stronger with frequent activation.

Answer 40

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 41

LTP could be the result of 3 methods:

Answer 41

Potentiation Habituation Sensitization

Question 42

Strengthening of synapse through classic conditioning

Answer 42

Potentiation

Question 43

Synapse decrease in response to common stimulus

Answer 43

Habituation

Question 44

Reaction to one stimulus causes other synapses to be more sensitive to reaction

Answer 44

Sensitization

Question 45

In chemical synapse, the cell that is sending the signal transmit through ______.

Answer 45

presynaptic neuron

Question 46

Presynaptic terminal holds tiny _____ sacs loaded with neurotransmitter.

Answer 46

synaptic vesicle

Question 47

In chemical synapse, this is the receiving cell that accepts neurotransmitters in its receptor region.

Answer 47

postsynaptic neuron

Question 48

In presynaptic terminal, _____ is activated to release in cytoplasm.

Answer 48

voltage-gated calcium

Question 49

This neurotransmitter effect initiates action potential

Answer 49

Excitatory

Question 50

This neurotransmitter effect prevents action potential

Answer 50

Inhibitory

Question 51

Neurotransmitter substances can either be ______; magnifies effect or ______; blocks effect

Answer 51

agonist; antagonist

Question 52

The _____ consists of our brain and the spinal cord.

Answer 52

Central nervous system

Question 53

The ____ consists of nerves and neurons scattered in the body except brain and spinal cord.

Answer 53

Peripheral nervous system

Question 54

The ____ connects the brain to the peripheral nervous sytem.

Answer 54

spinal cord

Question 55

_____ - senses to spinal cords _____ - spinal cord to muscle and glands _____ - between neurons

Answer 55

afferent neurons; efferent neurons; interneuron

Question 56

This system controls the voluntary movement, senses, as well as connections to our organs such as the heart and lungs.

Answer 56

Peripheral nervous system

Question 57

The peripheral nervous system can be divided into two parts:

Answer 57

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Question 58

This system consists of neurons that are associated with skeletal or striated muscle fibers and influence voluntary movements of the body.

Answer 58

Somatic nervous system

Question 59

The somatic nervous system consists of:

Answer 59

Afferent/Sensory Pathway Efferent/Motor Pathway

Question 60

This pathway came from our sensory organs (ex. skin) to the central nervous system.

Answer 60

Afferent/Sensory Pathway

Question 61

This pathway carries information from the central nervous system to the voluntary musculoskeletal parts our bodies.

Answer 61

Efferent/Motor Pathway

Question 62

Upper motor neurons is located in _____ and extend towards the brain and spinal cord, where they synapse.

Answer 62

cerebral cortex

Question 63

____ is a neurotransmitter in the upper motor neurons

Answer 63

glutamate

Question 64

Lower motor neurons is located in _____ and ______ to muscles and glands.

Answer 64

brainstem (cranial nerve); spinal cord (anterior horn)

Question 65

______ is the neurotransmitter in the lower motor neurons.

Answer 65

Acetylcholine

Question 66

This part of our nervous system is responsible for automatic movement. These are involuntary and unconsciously happening.

Answer 66

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 67

Autonomic Nervous System is divided into two:

Answer 67

Parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system

Question 68

What are the function of the ANS?

Answer 68

restore the body back to normal after a stressor daily normal functioning of breathing heartbeat

Question 69

_____ is a stress response; prepares the body for fight or flight

Answer 69

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 69

In sympathetic nervous system, it increases the conversion of ______ to _____

Answer 69

glycogen; glucose

Question 70

Sympathetic nervous system originates in the _____.

Answer 70

thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord

Question 71

This system restores body to normal functioning after stress and manages day-to-day physiological processes.

Answer 71

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 72

In parasympathetic nervous system, it increases _____ and ______.

Answer 72

mucus production; urine secretion

Question 73

Parasympathetic nervous system originated in the ______.

Answer 73

sacral region of spinal cord and the medulla

Question 74

This system produces hormones which flows through the bloodstream that affects the muscles, organs, and glands.

Answer 74

Endocrine System

Question 75

Our hormones control and regulate:

Answer 75

reproduction metabolism and energy balance growth and development body defenses general homeostasis

Question 76

Hormones came from the Greek word for _____.

Answer 76

to excite or arouse

Question 77

This is the chain reaction of hormones (ex. HPa)

Answer 77

Hormonal cascade

Question 78

a ____ is a structure that makes and secretes a hormone.

Answer 78

gland

Question 79

the master gland is the ______.

Answer 79

pituitary gland

Question 80

This gland produces many hormones that signals other glands- like thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands to make their own hormones.

Answer 80

Pituitary gland

Question 81

A hormone can only target a reaction in _____.

Answer 81

target cell

Question 82

Most hormones are either made of _____ or _____.

Answer 82

amino acids; lipids

Question 83

This is important because a cell membrane are made of lipids.

Answer 83

Solubility

Question 84

The ____ is the organ in our body that receives information from our senses, processes them and sends out commands.

Answer 84

Brain

Question 85

This part of the brain involves planning and decision-making.

Answer 85

Corticol

Question 86

This part of the brain involvese emotion and motivation.

Answer 86

Subcortical

Question 87

The brain can be divided into 3 main parts:

Answer 87

forebrain midbrain hindbrain

Question 88

This is the lowest part of our brain which maintains functions as breathing and heartbeat.

Answer 88

Hindbrain

Question 89

The hindbrain is composed of:

Answer 89

medulla, pons, reticular formation, cerebellum

Question 90

This is a stalk that leaves the base of the brain and connects the brain to the spinal cord.

Answer 90

Brain stem

Question 91

The brain stem contains nuclei for ____ and _____.

Answer 91

survival; cognitive function

Question 92

The brainstem is consists of 3 major divisions:

Answer 92

medulla oblongata, pons, modbrain

Question 93

This connects the brainstem to the spinal cord that is essential for vital functions (cardiovascular and respiratory), responsible for reflexive actions (vomit, swallow, cough, sneeze), and where several cranial nerves exit.

Answer 93

medulla oblongata

Question 94

____ means 'bridge' in Latin because it connects the medulla and the midbrain.

Answer 94

Pons

Question 95

Pons is a home to nuclei for cranial nerves that deals with _____ from the head and face, ______ of the eyes, face and mouth, hearing, equillibrium, and _____ like tear and saliva production.

Answer 95

sensations; motor movement; autonomic functions

Question 96

This part of the midbrain control the processing of eye movement and visual processing.

Answer 96

superior colliculi

Question 97

This part of the midbrain control auditory processing.

Answer 97

Inferior colliculi

Question 98

This part of the midbrain controls the coordination of movement as well as suppression of pain.

Answer 98

Tegmentum

Question 99

This part of the midbrain consists of bundles of nerves that form the connection between the brain stem and the forebrain

Answer 99

Cerebral penducles

Question 100

This is a major-dopamine producing nuclei of the brain that is responsible for motivation and reward.

Answer 100

Ventral tegmental

Question 101

This is a basal ganglia which is a major-dopamine producing nuclei of the brain that is responsible for movement.

Answer 101

substantia nigra

Question 102

Damage to the midbrain is related to conditions such as:

Answer 102

Parkinson's Disease, ADHD, Schizoprenia

Question 103

This is located at the back of the cortex which are responsible for processing visual information.

Answer 103

Occipital Lobes

Question 104

This is located above the occipital lobe that contains somatosensory cortex.

Answer 104

Parietal Lobes

Question 105

This processes information from our sensations as well as body perceptions.

Answer 105

Somatosensory cortex

Question 106

Music and sounds are processed in this part. It contains primary auditory cortex and primary auditory association area.

Answer 106

Temporal Lobes

Question 107

The ___ temporal lobe is also responsible for ___.

Question 108

This area in the temporal lobe is responsible for the comprehension of language.

Answer 108

Wernicke's area

Question 109

This is where decision-making, personality, planning and self-regulation is processed.

Answer 109

Frontal lobe

Question 110

The frontal lobe is also where ___ is located which controls voluntary movement.

Answer 110

motor cortex