Module 4: Consciousness

Question 1

____ is simply awareness of sensations, feelings, and thoughts at any given moment. It can be a memory, thought, feeling, or a combination of all these.

Answer 1

Consciousness

Question 2

This type of consciousness is clear, organized, and alert.

Answer 2

waking consciousness

Question 3

This type of consciousness occur when there is a shift in the pattern and quality of mental activity.

Answer 3

altered state of consciousness

Question 4

What are the two types of thought-controlled processes?

Answer 4

Controlled thought processes (conscious attention) and Automatic thought processes (lower level of attention)

Question 5

The sleep-wake cycle is determined by two key processes:

Answer 5

circadian rhythm and homeostasis

Question 6

This is your body’s internal clock, which operates on a roughly 24-hour cycle. It’s influenced by external cues, such as light and darkness

Answer 6

Process C “Circadian Rhythm”

Question 7

The circadian rhythm is controlled by an area of the brain called the ________, which is sensitive to light. In the morning, light sensed by your eyes triggers them to release hormones like _____ to help you wake up. At night, they signals the _______ to release ______, making you feel sleepy

Answer 7

suprachiasmatic nucleus; cortisol; pineal gland; melatonin

Question 8

This process tracks your need for sleep (sleep pressure). The longer you’re awake, the stronger your need for sleep becomes.

Answer 8

Process S “Homeostatic Process”

Question 9

__________ is responsible for creating sleep pressure or the urge to sleep.

Answer 9

Adenosine

Question 10

During periods of wakefulness, adenosine builds up in the _____ and _____, and its levels decrease during sleep.

Answer 10

basal forebrain and cerebral cortex

Question 11

The longer you stay awake, the more ___________ accumulates in your brain.

Answer 11

Adenosine

Question 12

Your body requires approximately ___________ hours to eliminate 50% of the caffeine concentration.

Answer 12

5-7

Question 13

The ___________ Theory of Sleep suggests that sleep is an evolutionary adaptation that keeps us safe from predators that are more active during the night.

Answer 13

Adaptive

Question 14

The ___________ Theory of Sleep, on the other hand, proposes that sleep serves to restore and repair the body.

Answer 14

Restorative

Question 15

During sleep, ___________ or changes in the brain’s neural structure are observed.

Answer 15

Plasticity

Question 16

Sleep enhances ___________ connections in the brain.

Answer 16

Synaptic

Question 17

Additionally, sleep also boosts our ability to ________.

Answer 17

Store memories

Question 18

An _________, is a test that measures the electrical activity of your brain.

Answer 18

electroencephalogram, or EEG

Question 19

When we are awake, our brain activity as shown in the electroencephalogram follows a ___________ wave pattern.

Answer 19

beta

Question 20

As we start to feel sleepy, our brain wave patterns transition into larger ___________ waves.

Answer 20

alpha

Question 21

As we begin to sleep, these waves give way to ___________ waves.

Answer 21

theta

Question 22

When we are in deep sleep, our brain activity shows patterns that are referred to as ___________ waves.

Answer 22

delta

Question 23

What is the term for the hallucinations some people experience during the N1 stage of sleep?

Answer 23

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Question 24

What additional feature appears in the EEG graph during the N2 stage of sleep, indicating bursts of activity?

Answer 24

Sleep spindles

Question 25

What physical process occurs during the N3 stage of sleep?

Answer 25

Physical growth

Question 26

What phenomenon causes our brain to increase the amount of R sleep the next day if we spend little time in R sleep?

Answer 26

REM rebound

Question 27

What is the term for the type of sleep that the R stage is also known as, due to its activated EEG that resembles waking activity?

Answer 27

Paradoxical sleep

Question 28

True or False: The stages of sleep occur linearly, going from N1 to R, and then we wake up.

Answer 28

False

Question 29

What are the functions of NREM Stages (Sleep Spindles)?

Answer 29

enhances retention of short-term memory to long-term memory helps in sifting through relevant memory

Question 30

What are the functions of REM Stages?

Answer 30

Overnight Therapy Theory (Mental Health) REM Brain Connects Distantly-related Concepts (Creativity)

Question 31

The more _____ during N2, the better the learning retention.

Answer 31

sleep spindles

Question 32

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

Answer 32

mood reactivity problems in memory and learning risk of Alzheimer

Question 33

Sleep deprivation affects the ________ and ________, which can lead to heightened emotional responses.

Answer 33

amygdala; prefrontal cortex

Question 34

Without adequate sleep, the ________ cannot retain information effectively, impacting memory and learning.

Answer 34

hippocampus

Question 35

Sleep deprivation increases the risk of ________ disease by affecting glymphatic cells that clean up during NREM sleep, which is reduced in ________ patients.

Answer 35

Alzheimers

Question 36

________ cells (also known as glial cells) clean up during NREM sleep.

Answer 36

glymphatic cells

Question 37

The earliest theory that explains why we dream is that of ________.

Answer 37

Sigmund Freud

Question 38

According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, dreams are manifestations of the ________ and that they fulfill ________.

Answer 38

unconscious, wishes

Question 39

For Freud, a dream’s content can be understood as having a ________ content and a ________ content.

Answer 39

manifest, latent

Question 40

The ________ content consists of the events in the dream as they happened.

Answer 40

manifest

Question 41

The ________ content is the meaning behind the manifest content of your dream. That can be represented by symbols, such as persons or objects in the dream.

Answer 41

latent

Question 42

Some psychoanalytically-oriented therapists still use ________ interpretation in helping their clients achieve greater self-awareness.

Answer 42

dream

Question 43

According to the ________ Hypothesis, dreams start because of activity at the pons.

Answer 43

Activation-Synthesis

Question 44

The pons inhibits body movement and sends random signals to the ________ areas that are responsible for receiving sensory information.

Answer 44

cortical

Question 45

The brain receives pseudo-sensory information without any ________ source.

Answer 45

external

Question 46

The _____ is trying to make sense of these random signals and activities using whatever pieces of information that are stored in your brain.

Answer 46

cortex

Question 47

During dreaming, people do not have full access to ________ reality.

Answer 47

external

Question 48

The ________ cortex is less active during dreaming, which is why dreams feel surreal and they do not have logic or sequence to them.

Answer 48

frontal

Question 49

It is not the declarative events but rather the ______ of the day that predicts dream content

Answer 49

emotional tone

Question 50

The ________ areas of the brain light up to process visual and spatial information during dreams.

Answer 50

Visuospatial

Question 51

The ________ cortex still shows activity during sleep, even though movement is inhibited.

Answer 51

Motor

Question 52

The ________ and anterior cingulate cortex, which are linked to emotions, become active during dreams.

Answer 52

Amygdala

Question 53

The ________, which plays a role in memory, is also active during dreams, suggesting that dreams may involve memory processing.

Answer 53

Hippocampus

Question 54

The ________ cortex, associated with logical thought, is less active during dreams, which may explain the often illogical nature of dreams.

Answer 54

Prefrontal

Question 55

It is impossible to put a person under hypnosis if she or he does not ________ in and _____ to it.

Answer 55

believe, consent

Question 56

Hypnosis is a state of heightened ________.

Answer 56

suggestibility

Question 57

Whether or not you get hypnotized, depends on ________ and not on the person who does the hypnosis.

Answer 57

you

Question 58

The use of hypnosis in uncovering repressed ________ has been very controversial.

Answer 58

childhood trauma

Question 58

Hypnosis has been used in therapy to manage:

Answer 58

anxiety, pain, and cravings

Question 59

Hypnosis occurs due to two main theories:

Answer 59

Hidden Observer Social-Cognitive Explanation

Question 60

________ are chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, memory, or some combination of those abilities.

Answer 60

Psychoactive drugs

Question 61

Taking psychoactive drugs is another way through which people can experience ______.

Answer 61

altered states of concsiousness

Question 62

Whether illegal or not, the excessive use of these drugs can result in _______.

Answer 62

dependence

Question 63

In turn, psychological and physical dependence on these drugs can lead to ______.

Answer 63

substance abuse

Question 64

______on a drug happens when the body cannot function properly without the ________.

Answer 64

Physical dependence

Question 65

Physical dependence occurs because the excessive and prolonged use of the drug has caused ________.

Answer 65

tolerance

Question 66

A person has developed tolerance when larger amounts of the drug are needed to reach the ________ effect.

Answer 66

same

Question 67

People also experience increased ________ symptoms, which make it even more difficult to shake off the habit.

Answer 67

withdrawal

Question 68

People are __________ dependent on a drug when they use it because they believe it’s necessary for them to feel good.

Answer 68

psychologically

Question 69

Psychological Dependence is the belief that the drug is needed to continue a feeling of __________ well-being.

Answer 69

Emotional or psychological

Question 70

__________ are drugs that increase activity in the sympathetic and central nervous systems, leading to increased focus, attention, wakefulness, and alertness.

Answer 70

Stimulants

Question 71

Some examples of stimulant drugs include

Answer 71

amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine

Question 72

__________ are drugs that decrease activity in the nervous system.

Answer 72

Depressants

Question 73

Some examples of depressants include

Answer 73

tranquilizers, alcohol, and opiates

Question 74

__________ are drugs that affect our perception of sensory information.

Answer 74

Hallucinogens

Question 75

Some examples of hallucinogenic drugs include

Answer 75

LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), and marijuana

Question 76

The use of LSD, a very powerful hallucinogen, can lead to euphoria, expanded awareness, and intense perception of sensory information, which is often described as a

Answer 76

good trip

Question 77

Marijuana, another famous hallucinogen, has a relatively mild effect compared to LSD, with users reporting experiences of mild euphoria, relaxation, and

Answer 77

Distortion of time perception