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Ecology > Module 2 Quiz > Flashcards

Module 2 Quiz Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

How does orbit and tilt of earth cause seasons

A

The earth’s spin axis is tilted with respect to its orbital plane.

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2
Q

greenhouse effect

A

energy from a planet’s sun goes through its atmosphere and warms the planet’s surface, but the atmosphere prevents the heat from returning directly to space, resulting in a warmer planet

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3
Q

Major patterns associated with prevailing winds

A

trade winds - winds blowing toward the equator from the high-pressure zones are deflected to the west

westerlies- Winds blowing toward the poles from those zones of high pressure are deflected to the east

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4
Q

mountain range effect

A

The temperature gets colder the higher up the mountain you go

altitude increases, the air becomes thinner and is less able to absorb and retain heat.

cooler the temperature the less evaporation there is, so there is more moisture in the air too.

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5
Q

name two biomes where the following vegetation is dominant:

evergreen trees

A

Tropical Rainforest

Temperature Coniferous Forest

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6
Q

vegetation effects

A

influence how the ground surface interacts with solar radiation and wind and how much water it loses to the atmosphere.

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7
Q

how scientists are able to take direct measurements about the earth’s climate from 10,000 years ago

A

Scientists take ice cores where they are able to find air bubbles of ancient atmospheres to determine the greenhouse gas concentration to find out how hot the world was.

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8
Q

earth’s main 3 climate zones

A

polar

tropical

temperate

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9
Q

Milankovitch cycles include

A

shape of earth’s orbit, tilt of earth’s axis and celestial direction of earth’s axis and influence climate

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10
Q

Long term climate conditions are associated with

A

amount of incoming solar radiation and concentration of green house gases

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11
Q

how Milankovitch cycles influence climate

A

by affecting the amount of sunlight and therefore, energy, that Earth absorbs from the Sun

contribute to increased global warming

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12
Q

What is the reason of difference in climate of equator and poles?

A

equator is closer to the Sun than the North Pole = uneven heating

direction of the Earth’s poles = causes the difference in energy received at the Equator and the poles.

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13
Q

Equator and poles impact precipitation

A

higher latitudes and poles = low precipitaiton

closer to the equator - more precipitation

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14
Q

consequences of habitat change

A

loss of biodiversity

decrease in ecosystem goods and services

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15
Q

Types of temperature cells

A

Hadley

Polar

Ferrell

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16
Q

What regions experience vertical mixing and why do these occur?

A

warmer water cools ans sinks in Northern Atlantic

colder water moves southwatd along ocean floor

in areas where prevailing winds between pareallel land mass moves H2O away from the coast

WHY: Allows colder, deeper H2O to return to surafce (subsidence)

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17
Q

What are Polar Cells?

A

cold polar air mixes with tropical air and uplifts ~60 degrees N/S

water vapor condenses = winter precipitation

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18
Q

thermocline

A

zone of rapid temperature decline

transition layer between warmer mixed water at the ocean’s surface and cooler deep water below

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19
Q

What four major environments/factors do scientists include in their climate models?

A

land, sea, air, and ice

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20
Q

name two biomes where the following vegetation is dominant:

grasses

A

Tropical Grassland

Temperate Grassland

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21
Q

Prevailing winds

A

Atmospheric circulation

predicatable with high to low pressure movement along the ground

drives oceanic currents

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22
Q

biomes that have minimal temperature fluctuation

A

Tropical Grassland

Tropical Rainforest

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23
Q

albedo

A

amount of solar radiation that a surface reflects

influenced by the presence and type of vegetation as well as by soil and topography.

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24
Q

Hardley and Polar Cells effects on global circulation patterns

A

unusal climate conditions

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25
Hadley Cells Subsidence
creates warm, dry deserts occurs at 30 degrees N/S
26
types of vegetation effects
albedo and evapotranspiration
27
evapotranspiration
sum of water loss by transpiration and by evaporation transfers energy (latent heat) as well as water into the atmosphere, thereby reducing air temperature and soil moisture
28
Subsidence
creates a high pressure area downward or upward motion of air in the atmosphere equilbirum in the air temperature
29
Atmospheric upwelling
currents bring deep, cold nutrient-rich water to the surface of the ocean results of winds and earth rotation
30
mountain uplifting
due to differences in solar heating of the ground surface reults in air pockets that are warmer than the surrounding air.
31
name two biomes where the following vegetation is dominant: low-growing shrubs, sedges, and mosses
tundra
32
maritime climate
influnced by nearby ocean cool summer, mild winter less extreme climate
33
Incoming solar radiation
part reaches surface and the rest gets reflected ~50 % absorbed
34
continental climates
influenced by nearby land hot summer, cold winter more extreme climate
35
Uneven heating of the Earth due to
the curvature of the Earth
36
Stratification
layering of water in oceans,lakes due to differences in density, with temperature/salinity
37
temperature gradient
temperature changes across the surface causes difference in air pressure stronger between poles and equator in the winter due to minimum of light
38
biomes that have (comparatively) colder temperatures
tundra Boreal Forest
39
Turnover in lake
important for recycling of the nutrients that are lost from the epilimnion during summer. occurs again in spring when the surface ice melts and the lake water has a uniform density once again.
40
Polar Cells Subsidence
creates very dry polar desers occurs at the poles (90 degrees N/S)
41
How are temperature and greenhouse gas concentration related?
greenhouse gas concentrations increase and global temperatures rise,
42
epilimnion
surface layer the warmest and contains active populations of phytoplankton and zooplankton
43
how do we measure planet climate
ice drill appartus therometer research vessels
44
Prevailing winds is due to
global atmospheric circulation difference in heat capacity between the oceans and the continents leads to seasonal changes in atmospheric pressure cells
45
non-seasonal climate variations – El Niño causes
disease outbreaks, malnutrition, heat stress and respiratory diseases
46
effect of greenhouse gases
changes in water temperature and ocean acidification
47
name two biomes where the following vegetation is dominant: ## Footnote **deciduous trees**
Temperate Deciduous Forest Tropical grasslands
48
regional modifications influence climate by
regions will warm much more than others, some regions will receive more rainfall, while others are exposed to more frequent droughts
49
large-scale deviations in latitudinal climate patterns is due to
loss of sea ice and changes in vegetation cover in the tropics
50
What are Hadley Cells?
intense uplift of warm air at equator Lot's of H2O vapor in the air mass (rain precipitation) Occurs in the TROPICS
51
oceanic conveyor belt
A large system of interconnected surface and deep ocean currents that links the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans an important means of transferring heat to the polar regions helps balance climate
52
human-induced climate change evidence
more fossil fuel carbons in the air and coral warmer oceans warmer nights
53
non-seasonal climate variations – El Niño effects
climate change increases the frequency intensifying droughts, worse floods, shift of hurricance patterns
54
biomes that have variant precipitation (high during some months and low during others)
Tropical Grassland Tropical Rainforest
55
cold-air drainage
influences vegetation distributions in the temperate zones because of the higher frequency of subfreezing temperatures in low-lying areas cold, dense air moving downslope and pooling in low-lying areas
56
hypolimnion
stable layer of the densest, coldest water in the lake
57
land masses complicate the prevailing windpatterns
more pronounced in the N. hemisphere more pornounced with seasonal changes
58
rain shadow effect
an area of significantly reduced rainfall behind a mountainous region on the side facing away from prevailing winds, known as its leeward side.
59
Seasonality on land Tropical climate Polar climate Temperate climate
Polar- hevay glaciation Temperate- soils and sediments at depth are permanently frozen (permafrost) Tropical- warmland and lush vegetation
60
Ferrell Cells are driven by
surrounding cells
61
biomes that receive (comparatively) little precipitation
desert tundra
62
role of temperature in climate
warmer surface temperatures result in more fires, which burn forests, causing us to lose a carbon sink and releasing large quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere.
63
Seasonality
results from the tilt of Earth’s axis summer/winter/fall/spring
64
long-term variations are associated with – glacial cycles
differences in the amount of solar radiation received and the concentrations of greenhouse gases.
65
portions of the human population are the most adversely affected by the consequences of climate change?
low-income children communities of color older adults

Ecology (4 decks)

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