Module 2 Test Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
the study of interactions between members of a species and their environment
A
ecology
2
Q
What are the 3 main characteristics of a population
A
- range
- dispersion
- change in size overtime
3
Q
all places members normally live
- large
- small (endemic)
- sub populations
- metapopulations
-expanding
A
range
4
Q
how individuals are arranged in a population
A
dispersion
5
Q
What are the different ways individuals are dispersed
A
- clumped
- uniform
- random
6
Q
- growing
- getting smaller
- exponentially grow
- logistic growth
A
change in size overtime
7
Q
What is the exponential growth equation?
A
DN/Dt = r (max) N
8
Q
What is the logistic growth equation?
A
DN/Dt = r (max) [(K-N)/K]
9
Q
N
A
population size
10
Q
DN/Dt
A
change of population growth
11
Q
K
A
carrying capacity
12
Q
all population size
A
independent
13
Q
larger populations
A
dependent
14
Q
What is at carrying capacity?
A
equilibrium
15
Q
collection of populations
A
metapopulations
16
Q
- people in a classroom
- crops so they grow efficiently
- equally sharing resource
A
uniform
17
Q
- their are no resources in between
- could be hiding from predators
A
clumped
18
Q
- indication of how much resources is there
- the number of individuals that the level of resource can support
- “just getting by”
A
carrying capacity
19
Q
competition between members of one species
A
intraspecific
20
Q
competition between members of two species
A
interspecific
21
Q
What are the possible outcomes of interspecific?
A
- species 1 wins
- species 2 wins
- both coexist
22
Q
What does [(K-N)/K represent?
A
- density dependent
- intraspecific competition
23
Q
species 1 and 2 are both affected negatively
A
interspecific competition
24
Q
species one is affected positively and species two negatively
A
predation, parasitism, and herbivory
25
physically or chemically reducing access to limited resources
interference competition
26
consuming resources before others
exploitative competition
27
What are the two ways of competition?
-exploitative
- interference
28
range of resources that a species uses
niche
29
range of resources that a species uses when no others species is around
fundamental niche
30
range of resources that a species uses when another species is around
realized niche
31
To be in competition the two species or individuals within a species have to have...
a negative impact on each other
32
When a species looses it is being...
competivly excluded
33
alpha 12
how does 2 affect 1
34
alpha 21
how does 1 affect 2
35
alpha
competition coefficient
36
ZNG
zero net growth
37
ZNGI
zero net growth isocline
38
when a parasite moves between individuals other than parents and their offspring
horizontal transmission
39
when a parasite is transmitted from a parent to its offspring
vertical transmission
40
an organism that a parasite uses to disperse from one nest to another
vector
41
the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution
coevolution
42
a fungus which grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship
mycorrhizae
43
interactions between species in a community
community ecology
44
What are the types of symbiosis?
- parasitism
- mutualism
- commensalism
45
When species one and two is affected positively
mutualism
46
When species one is affected positively and their is no effect on species two
coevolution
47
Are parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism three distinct points?
No, they are points along a continuum
48
What can you categorize parasitism as?
internal (endo) and external (ecto)
49
holoparasite
all
50
hemiparasite
some
51
Can plants get parsites?
yes
52
Can plants be parasites?
yes
53
lethal parasites
parasitoids
54
host feeds someone else offspring
brood parasitism
55
Are predators prudent?
No
56
What increased for prey?
selective pressure
57
What is the order of predation?
- encounter
- detect
- approach
- capture
- handle
- consume
- convert
58
night
nocturnal
59
day
diurnal
60
recognizing
detecting
61
right place at the right time
encounter
62
What are some examples of detecting adaptations?
- vision
- hearing
63
What are some examples of avoiding detection adaptations?
- camouflage
- aposematic colors
- mimicry
- aposematic acoustics
- mimic predator
64
What are some approach adaptations?
- owls silencing their wings
65
What are some examples of capture adaptations?
- birds being able to go into water
- teeth
- plants with UV lights
66
What are some examples of anti-capture adaptations?
- horned lizards
- caterpillars vomiting on themselves
- formic acid in fire ants
67
What are some examples of predator handling adaptations?
- breaking off part of their body to get away
68
What are some examples of consumption adaptations?
- eating faster
69
What are some examples of conversion adaptations?
- toxicity in prey
70
leaf eaters (outside)
exophage
71
plant eaters (inside)
endophage
72
- aphids
- spittle bug
-cicada
endophage herbivores
73
products of photosynthesis
phloem
74
water and nutrients
xylem
75
What are herbivory effects on plants?
- loss of tissue
- plants could be killed
- kill off all baby plants
- plant abundance
- plant fitness
76
What do below grown herbivores act as?
predators
77
woody plants
trees (stems)
78
grassy plants
grass
79
wild flowers
forbs
80
increase in proteins and nitrogen
legumes
81
percent cover
how many plants are there
82
keep herbivores out
exclosure
83
keep herbivores out
exclosure
84
keep herbivores in
enclosure
85
What are some types of plant defenses?
- thorns
- regrowth
- tolerance
- trichome
- secondary compounds
86
What are some secondary compounds for plants defense?
- alkaloids
- urushiol
- capsaicin
87
What can benefit humans?
secondary compounds
88
how people use plants for our benefit
ethobotny
89
two species which compete for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values
competition exclusion priciple
90
any influences on a populations birth or death rate regardless of the population density
density independence
91
a factor whose effects on the size of a population or growth of a population vary with population density
density dependence
92
one organism physically restricts another organisms access to resources
interference competition
93
Where one organism lets off chemicals so others cannot get the resources
allelopathy
94
behavioral exclusion of others from a specific space that is defended as territory
territoriality competition
95
individuals occupy space and prevent access to resources by other individuals
preemption competition
96
the simulation of the scent of non prey organisms or objects to avoid detection by predators
crypsis
97
used by noxious organisms to signal their unprofitability to potential predators
aposematic coloration
98
members of palatable species or a group of such species, gain protection from predation by resembling the defensive signaling of an unpalatable or defended species of a group of defended species
batesian mimicry
99
two or more species with effective defenses share a similar appearance or signaling and by this sharing reduce the cost of associative learning and even promote the evolution of refraining from attack by their enemies
Mullerian mimicry
100
the use of warning coloration to inform potential predators that an animal is poisonous venomous or otherwise dangerous
aposematism
101
a bacterium virus or other microorganism that can cause disease
pathogen
102
subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized systematic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth
acquired immune response
103
form of indirect protection that applies only to contagious diseases
herd immunity
104
ability of an organism to infect the host and cause a disease
virulence
105
vaccine mechanism
enters the muscle cells and uses the cells' machinery to produce a harmless piece of what is call a spike protein
106
physical contact between an infected person and a susceptible person
direct transmission
107
occurs when there is no direct human to human contact
indirect transmission
108
evolutionary mechanism of segmented RNA viruses that plays an important but ill defined role in virus emergence and interspecies transmission
reassortment
109
ability of an organism to endure unfavorable environmental conditions
tolerance
