Module 3 Test Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
evolution as previously defined
A
microevolution
2
Q
group of individuals that share similar genes and that produce fertile offspring
A
Biological Species Concepts
3
Q
species look/appear different and have different traits, used on say dinosaurs when all we have is physical evidence
A
morphological species conceots
4
Q
species have different evolutionary trajectories
A
phylogenetic species concepts
5
Q
-we have to do whatever we can to save them
A
endangered species act
6
Q
What is an example of an endangered species in Alabama
A
Darter Fish
- they killed thousands of these and got fined
7
Q
evolution of reproductive isolation between once-interbreeding populations
A
speciation
8
Q
What are the modes of speciation?
A
- allopatric speciation
- sympatric speciation
- vicariant speciation
9
Q
geographic separation, colonization
A
allopatric speciation
10
Q
various processes that create barriers such as, continent shifts, mountains made, grand canyon squirrels, no one moves, landscape changes
A
allopatric speciation
11
Q
same place
A
sympatric speciation
12
Q
study of the diversity of life and evolutionary relationships
A
systematics
13
Q
identifying, naming, classifying species
A
taxonomy
14
Q
determining the evolutionary relationship between species
A
phylogeny
15
Q
what is linear but complex
A
evolutionary history
16
Q
The splitting at the nodes of a phylogenetic tree equals what
A
speciation
17
Q
dead, usually shows where is stops or dies off
A
extinct
18
Q
one or more species arising from one original species
A
cladogenesis
19
Q
branching with no evidence of new species, new species without branching
A
Anagenesis
20
Q
living now
A
extant
21
Q
True or False. Most species that live on Earth have died
A
true
22
Q
nested groups of similar species
A
clades
23
Q
jointed legs
A
arthopods
24
Q
What do beetles have legs?
A
because a common ancestor had them
25
How are phylogenetic trees built?
using molecular biology and morphology
26
What are shown inn DNA, proteins, and morphology
evolutionary relationships
27
A closer match between sequences equals what
a more recent common ancestor
28
common genetic code equals what?
a common ancestor
29
ancestral traits means something is what
distantly related
30
derived traits means something is what
closely related
31
genetics, can be reversable
molecular phylogeny
32
- closely related, but not a part of it
- reference for comparison
- ancestral but no few derived
outgroup comparisons
33
What relates through decent?
organisms
34
derived trait
apamorphy
35
- derived trait that two have in common
- good for how to categorize and understand the relatedness
synapamorphy
36
Why do we study diseases in rats and other animals?
humans have many common ancestors
37
- structures are internally similar because of common ancestor
- have different functions
- forelimb of mammals is an example
homologous structures
38
- remnants of structures used in ancestors
- have lost their original usefulness or function
- An example is pelvic bones in snakes
Vestigial Traits
39
Types of tetrapods
snakes and whales
40
What type of snakes had legs
huggy snakes
41
- more than one ancestor that share traits in common
- an example is animals with wings
- least amount of traits in common
polyphyletic group
42
- traits in common except some
- an example is reptiles
Paraphyletic group
43
How did taxol help cancer?
-used phylogenetic tree
- found other things with taxol
44
- traits of polyphyletic group
- similar structures, unrelated organisms, due to selection
- An example is birds and bat wings
Analogous Structures
45
- look very similar but do not have a very common ancestor
- An example of this is dolphins and sharks
Convergent Evolution
46
What can you access when the speciation has occurred
Phylogenetic trees and time
47
How does something become more common
If their most recent ancestor happened before the other
48
What are the types of selection?
- natural selection
- artificial selection
- sexual selection
49
- variation in traits
- genetic component
- differential fittness
natural selection, artificial selection, and sexual selection
50
- when two genders look different
sexual dimorphism
51
Who came up with sexual selection
Charles Darwin
52
When is a species almost always a male
When it calls
53
Why do males have calls
- impress females
- tells other males to back away
54
Why did females become very choosy
males fight for them
55
Why are females choosier?
- they have higher cost
- they are the limited resource
56
What are the females cost?
- gametes are limited
- gametes are expensive
- higher risk of predation
- higher metabolic costs during gestation
- greater burden of parental care
57
How do females increase fitness?
- guaranteed to have fitness
- they have to try to cover their cost
-reduce cost
- increase energy
58
How do males increase fitness?
- most males have 0 fitness
- mate once or increase mates
- increase access to females
59
a way to warm up the body
basking
60
- basking
- eats algae off of volcanic rocks
- they fight two males head to head pushing each other, they win by pushing them off
- the sexual dimorphism is that they are able to win the fight
- they are fitter when they have a bigger body size
- the difference in win and loose size is 11mm
- males body size is off centered because although they get more mates, the bigger they are the harder to survive
- the females are wanting harder and harder traits to find
Marine Iguana in the Galapagos
61
- males maximize the benefits by bringing riskier prey
-nuptial gift (prenup)
-access to good habitat (marine iguanas)
- good parental care (cotton top tamarin)
-females get the benefit
Direct Benefits
62
- the offspring gets the benefit
- developmental stability (symmetrical)
- healthy mates
- handicap prinicple
Indirect Benefits
63
True or False. Being attractive means you have good genes
False
64
True or False. People say females have the ability to see good genes
Example is used in Barn Swallows
True
65
True or False. Humans that are more symmetrical might have better genes
True
66
Healthy mates
Parasite load hypothesis
67
- individual that is handicapped but doing just as well
- An example is peacocks carrying big tail long tailed widowbird
Handicap principal
68
sexes have different perspective
they increase fitness in different ways
69
pressure to increase access to females
males
70
- pressure to increase energy and reduce cost
- as a limited resource they get to be choosy
- exert pressure on other through choice based on direct and indirect benefits
females
71
1966-1968 elephants
historical
72
1970s- 1980s elephants
poaching
73
1980s elephants are the what
survivors and babies
74
Why do the surviving elephants look different from historical elephants
they made it through the poaching being smaller and having smaller tusks
75
driven by a selfish behavior of individuals
Sexual and natural selection
76
for the good of the species
group selection
77
false altruism
reciprocal altruism
78
altruism among relatives, genetically selfish
kin selection
79
you are giving up something that is substantial to you but will benefit someone else
altruism
80
doing something nice for you that will cost something biologically but I expect something biological back
reciprocal alturism
81
What rules help explain Alturism and cooperation
- group selection
- reciprocal altruism
- kin selection
82
Cooperation does not equal what
altruism
83
What are reason for why species might act in groups
- dulition effect
- predator swamping
84
strategy which if adopted by a population in a given component cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy that is initially rare
evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)
85
cooperation is only a good strategy when it has mutual or delayed benefits
false altruism
86
cooperation also possible when it has personal cost, but only when individuals are genetically related
true altruism
87
- all wolves benefit from pack hunting
- cooperation increases individual fitness
mutual (synergistic) benefits
88
helpers gain experience raising offspring or may inherit breeding territory
delayed benefits
89
my offspring
direct
90
genes that get passed through relatives because of your help
indirect
91
an allele that favors altruism can spread under specific conditions
the cost is less than the benefits
Hamiltons rule
92
mutual or delayed benefits cannot amount for this
true altruism
93
behavior should be beneficial when
cost is less than the benefits
94
the number of individuals that are sacrificed as a results of an altruistic behavior
c
95
coefficient of relatedness between altruist and those sacrificed
Ra
96
increase in number of individuals that result from the altruistic behavior (beneficiaries)
recipients benefits in number of life's
B
97
coefficient of relatedness between altruist and beneficiaries
Rb
98
What does r equal for a shared parent
1/4
99
What does r equal for full siblings
1/2
100
What does r equal for cousins
1/8
101
altruistic behavior in certain cases with predation
beldings ground squirrel
102
- females are more likely to give alarm calls when close relatives are nearby in what animals
Beldings squirrels
103
cooperating behavior in chasing away predators are more likely among what
close relatives
104
How can scientist see how much humans have elevolved from each other what what are some ways we have evolved
- by comparing genes of people
- skin color
- how our metabolism has changed for digestion purposes (lactose)
105
What has reduced height and increased weight
natural selection
106
What may be driving our evolution
the changes we have made in the world
107
-we are continuing to evolve
- biology changes with the culture
- it does not matter if we are stuck in the middle of the process right now
Framingway Study
108
What has a limited the impact of evolutionary forces like predation and disease
technology
109
How is modern medicine changing?
- effected evolution very little because typically it affects a person after they are done reproducing
110
What is the recent evolutionary history of Europeans
- they have genes from 3 very different populations
- the bronze age brought a shift in DNA
111
What are the two hypotheses for paper 6?
- evolution by natural selection and that resistance has evolved by natural selection
- resistence is because of detoxyfying enzymes
112
- can be used for all levels of biological ecology
- includes the diversity of genes and species
biodiversity
113
- food
- constructive materials
- medicinal plants
- wild genes for domestic plants and animals
- tourism and recreation
Ecosystems goods
114
The number of species
richness
115
representation of different types of species
eveness
116
measured with different types of metrics
diversity
117
- maintaining hydrological cycles
- regulating climate
- cleansing water and air
- pollinating
- absorbing and detoxifying pollutants
- etc.
Ecosystem services
118
there are many drugs that our ecosystem goods discovered from
ethnobotanical leads
119
- global biodiversity
- very high at the equator
plant richness
120
high at the equator
bird richness
121
What affects biodiversity?
- climate
- species
122
How does the climate affect biodiversity?
- effect temperate/ tropical comparison
123
What have gret growing conditions
tropics
124
How does species affect biodiversity?
- larger islands containing more species than smaller islands
- more area which means more resources, higher population sizes, lower extinction rates
- more habitat diversity
125
What are the reasons for preserving biodiversity?
- direct benefits or ecosystem goods
- indirect benefits or ecosystem services
- ethical or moral reasoning
- aesthetics or to preserve natural beauty
- connectedness (the Rivet hypothesis)
126
Why is there such high diversity in habitats?
- more climate variate
- more geological variation
- more altitdinal variation
127
What are the causes of extinction?
Habitat loss
Invasive species
Pollution
Population
Overharvesting
128
What is an example of invasive species?
- green tree snake
- Kudzu
- fire ant
- cane toad
- Chinese privet
129
What is an example of overharvesting and where is it common?
- American Bison
- Higher in Jefferson County than anywhere in the world
130
- isolated or distant islands contain fewer species than nearby islands
- nearer islands support a higher number of species
Effect of habitat isolation
131
the equilibrium number of species is a balance between immigration and extinction
theory of island biogeography
132
What are the two main things
area and distance
133
large islands close to the mainland
largest number of species
134
large islands close to the mainland
largest number of speciessmall islands far from the mainland
135
What are examples of isolated habitats
- lakes and ponds
- forest patches
- mountain top
136
- value that exist just for that thing
intrinsic value
137
Why do we protect species?
- intrinsic value
- other species have the right to exist
138
Alabama is what number out of 51 for number of species, what place for area and what about total species?
- 5th
- 25th
- it has more species than any state that does not occur anywhere else
139
What are some species that Alabama has that does not occur anywhere else?
- grey fish
- muscles
- snails
- freshwater fish
- carnivorous plants
140
rate at which energy is absorbed or reflected
albedo
141
positive raises the temp and negatives lower the temp
forcings
142
high albedo means what
low temp
143
allow short wave radiation to come through easily but long waves will heat up gases then come through
green house gases
144
small particles of things
soot
