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BMSC 220 > Module 2: The chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Module 2: The chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypothesized that the earliest cells were made up of?

A

Nucleic acids and membrane

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2
Q

What are polar molecules?

A

Molecules with a symmetric distribution of charge.

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3
Q

What are non-polar molecules?

A

Molecules that lack electronegative atoms and strongly polarized bonds.

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4
Q

What 3 kinds of non-covalent bonds are there?

A
  1. Ionic bonds
  2. Hydrogen bonds
  3. Van der Waals forces
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5
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Attraction between charged atoms.

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6
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Partially positive when covalently bonded to electronegative atom, can approach second electronegative atom to form hydrogen bonds.

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7
Q

What are Van der Waals forces?

A

Hydrophobic interaction, non-polar molecules lack charged regions and forced into aggregates to reduce water exposure.

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8
Q

Does an acid release or accept protons?

A

Release protons.

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9
Q

Does a base release or accept protons?

A

Accepts protons.

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10
Q

What are amphoteric molecules?

A

Act as either acid or base.

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11
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Resist changes in pH.

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12
Q

How is acidity measured?

A

Measured in the pH scale.

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13
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A

Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and certain lipids.

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14
Q

Define: Carbohydrates

A

Includes simple sugars and all larger molecules constructed of sugar building blocks.

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15
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

A

Stores of chemical energy and as material for biological construction.

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16
Q

Why are sugars highly water soluble?

A

Due to hydroxyl groups

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17
Q

Define: Polysaccharides

A

Identical sugar monomers but different properties, polymers of sugars joint by glycostatic bond.

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18
Q

Define: Glycogen

A

Animal product, made of branched glucose polymers.

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19
Q

Define: Starch

A

A plant product made
of both branched and
unbranched glucose polymers.

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20
Q

What can lipids dissolve in?

A

In organic solvents but not water.

21
Q

What are three types of lipids?

A
  1. Fats
  2. Steroid
  3. Phospholipids
22
Q

Describe lipid structure.

A

Made of a glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate group.

23
Q

What fatty acids are considered saturated? (Double bond, no double bond)

A

Fatty acids that lack double bonds.

24
Q

What fatty acids are considered unsaturated? (Double bond, no double bond)

A

Fatty acids with double bonds.

25
Q

What is the structure of a steroid?

A

Steroids are built around a
four-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton.

26
Q

What is the precursor for steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol.

27
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A
  • A phospholipid molecule
    resembles a fat but has only two fatty acid chains not three (a diacylglycerol).
  • The third hydroxyl of glycerol is bonded to a phosphate group.
28
Q

What macromolecule carries out the cells activity?

A

Proteins.

29
Q

What is the building block of a protein?

A

Amino acids.

30
Q

What do all amino acids have?

A

There are 20 different amino acids with different chemical properties. They all have a carboxyl and an amino group, separated by a single carbon atom, the alpha-carbon.

31
Q

What helps stabilize proteins shape?

A

Disulfide bridges.

32
Q

What is the driving force during protein folding and stability?

A

Hydrophobic interactions are a driving force during protein folding and cntribute substantially to the overall stability of the protein.

33
Q

Define: Primary structure of proteins.

A

Amino acid sequence of the proteins, linear sequence of amino acid that constitutes the chain.

34
Q

Define: Secondary structure of proteins.

A

Confirmation of portions of the polypeptide chain

35
Q

Define: Tertiary structure of proteins.

A

Confirmation of entire polypeptide.

36
Q

What was the first tertiary to structure that was determined?

A

Myoglobin

37
Q

How is tertiary structure most categorized?

A

By shape as fibrous proteins that are elongated, or globular which are compact.

38
Q

Define: Quaternary structure

A

Proteins composed of subunits.

39
Q

Define: Denaturation

A

Unfolding of a protein.

40
Q

What can cause denaturation?

A

Detergents, organic solvents, radiation, heat, and compounds like urea.

41
Q

Define: Proteome

A

Entire inventory of proteins that is produced by an organism and is applied to inventory of all proteins also present in partial tissue, cell, cellular organelle.

42
Q

Define: Proteonomics 

A

Coined to describe expanding field of proteins biochemistry

43
Q

Define: Nucleic acids

A

Polymers of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information.

44
Q

What is DNA what does it stand for? and consists of?

A

DNA holds the genetic info in all cellular organisms. Deoxyribonucleic acid. Contains the sugar deoxyribose, has a hydrogen atom attached to the 2nd carbon. Double stranded.

45
Q

What is RNA? what does it stand for? and consists of?

A

Is a single stranded structure. Ribonucleic acid. Contains sugar ribose, has a hydroxyl group bonded to the 2nd carbon. May have catalytic activity, such RNA enzymes are called ribozymes.

46
Q

What holds genetic information in all cellular organisms and some viruses?

A

DNA

47
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of?

A

Consists of 3 parts, a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate.

48
Q

What transfers information from the DNA?

A

RNA.

49
Q

What does each base pairs bind to?

A

Adenine (A) binds to Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) binds to Guanine (G)

BMSC 220 (8 decks)

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