Module 1: Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology

Question 1

Who is Robert Hooke?

Answer 1

He coined the term “cell” from pores inside a cork.

Question 2

Who is Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek?

Answer 2

He examined a pond of water and observed a teeming microscopic animalcules.
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Saw bacteria from peppercorn water and dental plaque.

Question 3

What is the confocal microscope?

Answer 3

• It is a fluorescence imaging technique used to increase optical resolution by using a pinhole to block out-of-focus light.
• Can be used to create 3D images of the structures within cells.

Question 4

What is the light-sheet microscopy?

Answer 4

Is a fluorescence imaging techanique, which untilizes a sheet of laser light to illuminate only a thin slice of the sample.

Question 5

What are the two objectives of light-sheet microscopy?

Answer 5

1) Illumination
2) Detection

Question 6

What is the elctronic microscopy?

Answer 6

• Uses electrons instead of light.
• Used on fixed (dead) samples.
• Used for samples too small to be seen with light microscopy.

Question 7

What are the three component of the cell theory?

Answer 7

• All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
• The cell is the structural unit of life.
• Cells arise only by division from a pre-existing cell.
  BONUS
• Cells contain genetic info (DNA) passed to next cell generation.

Question 8

What are HeLa cells?

Answer 8

They are cultured tumor cells isolated from a cancer patein.

Question 9

What do cells from different species share?

Answer 9

Similar structure, composition, and metabolic features.

Question 10

How does the cell use the genetic program it possess?

Answer 10

Information for building an organism is encoded in genes and packaged into a set of chromosomes within the cell nucleus.

Question 11

What do genes store information and instruction for?

Answer 11

• Constructing cellular structures,
• The directions for running cellular activities,
• The program for making more of themselves.
• Genetic info can be haploid and diploid in cells.

Question 12

How do cells reproduce?

Answer 12

By division process where contents from a mother cell are distributed into two daughter cell>

Question 13

What converts light energy into chemcial energy?

Answer 13

Photosynthesis

Question 14

What do animal cells derive energy in the form of?

Answer 14

Glucose

Question 15

What does the sum total of chemcial reactions rxns in a cell represent?

Answer 15

That cells metabolism

Question 16

What can cells do?

Answer 16

• Transport materials
• assemble and disassemble structures.
• Move itself from one site to another.

Question 17

What are cells in plants or animals covered with to interact with environments and substances?

Answer 17

Receptors

Question 18

How do cells respond to stimuli?

Answer 18

By altering their metabolism, moving from one place to another, or even self-destruction.

Question 19

How does the feedback circut help the cell?

Answer 19

Serves to return the cell to their appropriate state.

Question 20

How are cells studied?

Answer 20

They are studied by examining organisms that are alive today.

Question 21

What feautures do cells share?

Answer 21

Common genetic code (DNA), a plasma membrane, and ribosomes.

Question 22

What are the 2 classes of cells?

Answer 22

Prokaryotic (Bacteria) and Eukaryotic (plants, animals, protists, fungi)

Question 23

How are pro-eukaryotic differentiated?

Answer 23

By their size and types of organelles they contain.

Question 24

Where are genetic material in both pro-eukayotes?

Answer 24

Prokaryotic - nuclear area
Eukaryotes - membrane bound nucleus.

Question 25

What are the organelles present in eukaryotes and not in prokaryotics?

Answer 25

- Eukaryotes have a cytoplasm, ribosomes and complex cytoskeletal proteins. They divide by meiosis/mitosis. Use both cytoplasmic movement, cilia and flagella. - Prokaryotes have ribosomes, they divide by simple fission and use flagella for movement.

Question 26

What allows daughter cells to receive equal genetic material?

Answer 26

Mitotic spindle

Question 27

What is the flagellum? and what does it do?

Answer 27

It is a thin protein filament. It protrudes from the cell and rotates. The rotations exert pressure against the surrounding fluid, propelling the cell through the medium.

Question 28

What are the domains in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 28

Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria.

Question 29

What is cyanobacteria?

Answer 29

It contains arrays of cytoplasmic membranes that serve as sites of photosynthesis.

Question 30

What did cyanobacteria give rise to?

Answer 30

Green plants and oxygen-rich atmosphere, some are capable of nitrogen fixation.

Question 31

What is the cell size limited by?

Answer 31

* Volume of cytoplasm that can be supported by the genes in the nucleus. * Volume of cytoplasm that can be supported by exchange of nutrients. * Distance over which substances can efficiently travel through the cytoplasm via diffusion.

Question 32

What are viruses?

Answer 32

They are pathogenic and intracellular obligate(requires a host to complete its life cycle) parasites.

Question 33

What are virions?

Answer 33

It is a virus particle outside the host cell. - It contains genetic materials plus protein capsules (capsids). - Some are encased by a lipid membrane-derived envelope.

Question 34

What are viruses that infect bacteria known as?

Answer 34

Bacteriophages which are complex infection cycles and medicinal potential.

Question 35

What are viroids?

Answer 35

They are pathogens, each consisting of a small, naked RNA molecule, which can cause disease by interfering with gene expression in host cell.

Question 36

What are the two types of viral infection?

Answer 36

- Lytic infection: the virus redirects the host into making more virus particles, the host cell lyses and releases the viruses. - Integration: the virus integrates its DNA (called a provirus) into the host cell’s chromosomes.