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BIOL1007 > MODULE 3 > Flashcards

MODULE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Virus

A

smallest/simplest bio entities
* depends on host cell for replication and metabolism

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

Unicellular
* free-living (own metabolism etc.)
* simple morphologies conceal complex biochem and interactions

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3
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotes
* uni or multicellular
* macro and micro
* fruiting body vs. spores of mushrooms.

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4
Q

Protists

A

Eukaryotes
* Protozoa: animal-like (predatory)
* diverse, hard to classify (polyphiletic)

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5
Q

Algae

A

Eukaryotes
* plant-like protists
* photosynthetic

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6
Q

Algae or Protozoa?

A

Euglena
* photosynthetic processes AND
* hunt down prey

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7
Q

Robert Hooke 1664

A

Describes microscopic structure of blue moulds, using a 30x magnification microscope
* drawings

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8
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1684

A

develop powerful microscope (300x)
* first evidence of bacteria and protists

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9
Q

Louis Pasteur 1861

A

disproved the theory of spontaneous generation

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10
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

the idea that non-living objects can give rise to living organisms

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11
Q

Robert Koch pioneered

A
  • staining methods for microscopy
  • use of solid growth media (agar)
  • “Germ theory”
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12
Q

Koch 1876

A

Definitive proof that microbes cause disease (i.e. germ theory)

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13
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

An organism that causes a disease must :
* Be found in all cases of the disease
* Be isolated from the diseased host in pure culture
* Produce same disease in experimentally-infected host
* Be re-isolated from the experimentally-infected host

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14
Q

Alexander Fleming 1928

A

Found mould growing on a petri dish that killed the bacteria (Staphylococcus) around it
* bacteria causative agent for pneumonia etc.

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15
Q

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain 1935-45

A

Purified penicillin and developed mass production methods
* first effective antibiotic
* helped Allies win WWII

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16
Q

Normal Flora

A
  • Found at specific sites
  • Specialised
  • Mostly bacteria
  • Acquired at birth, diet, environment
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17
Q

Positive effects of Normal Flora

A
  • ‘prime’ the immune system
  • provide nutritional benefits
  • compete with pathogens
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18
Q

Negative effects of Normal Flora

A
  • Can cause disease if moved to wrong location
  • Can cause disease even in normal location: if the habitat changes
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19
Q

obligate pathogens

A

are always harmful

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20
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

cause disease in specific conditions
* Numbers – abnormally high cell density
* Location – wrong place
* Host health – immune system compromised
* Virulence factors – e.g. gain antibiotic resistance

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21
Q

One Health concept

A

consider animals, plants, and the environment when managing disease

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22
Q

MDR-TB

A

Multidrug resistant TB = bad

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23
Q

XDR-TB

A

Extensively drug-resistant TB = very bad

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24
Q

Microbes in food production

A
  • Rumen microbes help cows digest grass
  • Symbiotic fungi enhance plant growth
  • Soil microbes recycle wastes into nutrients
  • Decomposition
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25
Microbes in food processing
Many foods require **fermentation** - flavour, preservative step etc.
26
Microbes in retail/restaurants
Some microbes are **food sources** * (fungi, algae) * Yeast * Kelp, seaweed
27
microbes when eating
Gut **microflora** beneficial to health * GI tract
28
Bad microbes in production
* **Pathogens** infect animals and plants * **Post-harvest** contamination can ruin crops * **Irrigation water** can be *contaminated* with pathogens
29
bad microbes in processing
**Factories** can be *contaminated*
30
bad microbes in distribution
**Refrigeration needed** to stop microbial growth
31
Bad microbes in restaurants
Poor hygiene > food poisoning
32
bad microbes while eating
**Poor gut microbiome** causes poor health
33
Microbes maintain soil health by
* Fixing **nitrogen** (N2 -> NH 4+) * Breaking down organic **wastes** > inorganic **nutrients** * Suppressing **pathogens** * Breaking down **toxins** e.g. pesticides
34
Microbes enable animals to digest...
cellulose
35
Cellulose
a **sugar polymer**, abundant in **plants**, carbon-rich, but *difficult* to **digest**
36
Microbes promote plant growth via
mutualism
37
Mutualism
Ecological interaction where **both** partners **benefit**
38
Mycorrhizal fungi
enhance **water** + **inorganic** nutrient uptake > receive **sugars** from plant
39
Rhizobium bacteria
**fix nitrogen** > receive **sugars** in return
40
Tobacco mosaic virus
**simple** (3 genes) * infect **tobacco**, **tomato**, **cannabis** * **cross**-contamination
41
Animal and plant pathogens impact
* impact **~30%** of total **yield** * impact **~20%** **animal** production
42
Foot-and-Mouth-Disease (FMD)
infect **livestock** * **UK** outbreak: pigs fed **waste products** incl. meat illegally imported from **infected** animals
43
Zoonosis
Human infection **arising** from animals
44
how zoonosis cause disease
* Microbe may be pathogenic to **both** animal and human hosts * Human pathogen may be **normal flora** for the **animal** * Animal is a ‘**vector**’ for disease
45
Fermentation
* microbial **transformation** of **foods** by fungi or bacteria * **anaerobic** metabolism of sugars alcohols, acids, CO2
46
Microbial food spoilage
the growth of **fungi** or **bacteria**, and/or due to **enzymes** that these microbes make and secrete
47
Food-borne infection
microbes grow in **gut**
47
Food-borne intoxication
microbes make **toxins** in food
48
Food ‘poisoning’ risk factors
1. **origins** of food 2. **storage** and **prep** 3. **human** factors
49
Gut microbiome depends on diet
* High **fibre** diet: ↑ **Bacteriodetes** * High **protein** & **fat** diet: ↑ **Firmicutes**
50
Healthy microbiome important for
* Proper food **digestion** * **Resistance** to pathogens * **Immune** functioning * **Mental** health
51
The vast majority of all biodiversity is
microbes
52
The 4 laws of Ecology
1. Everything is **connected** 2. Everything must go **somewhere** 3. **Nature** knows best 4. There’s no such thing as a **free lunch**
53
Autotroph
“**Self-feeder**” – uses CO2 as carbon source * algae * sinks for CO2
54
photoautotrophs
use **light** as energy source
55
chemoautotrophs
use **chemical** energy sources
56
Methanogens
Consume **CO2** and **H2**, produce **methane** (CH4) * **archaea** * **anaerobic** * bad
57
Methanotrophs
Consume **methane**, produce **CO2** * good * **heterotrophs** * **bacteria** * degrade **TCE**
58
Heterotroph
“**Other-feeder**” – needs to eat other **organisms**, or other **organic** carbon sources; these also supply energy * **SOURCES** of **CO2**
59
Decomposers
Recycle **dead** cells back to **CO2** * **hetero**trophs * fungi
60
Predators
**Protozoa** * motility * Amoebae engulfing bacteria
61
Pollutant degraders
**Hydrocarbon**-degrading bacteria (including methanotrophs) are very useful for “**bioremediation**”
62
Bioremediation
the cleanup of **pollution** by **microbes**
63
Coral symbiosis
* algae (photoautotrophs) * coral (heterotrophs)
64
Lichen symbiosis
* **Heterotrophic** *fungus*: Helps feed algae with *inorganic* nutrients , *anchor* * **Autotrophic** *algae*
65
Cellular biotechnology
* Need some **biology** skills (esp. microbiology) * **Don’t** need understanding of DNA, RNA, proteins
66
Molecular biotechnology
* Need **high-level** biology skills (esp. microbiology) * **AND** need understanding of *DNA, RNA, proteins*
67
Biotech processes - what do we need to provide?
The **host cell** factory needs instructions or a **blueprint** to tell it which **products** to make * instructions **= add DNA** !
68
Plasmids
**circular** DNA elements found in microbes; replicate **independently** of the chromosome(s) * **Vectors**
69
Key features of plasmids used for biotech
* **ORI**: *Replication* functions. Ensures persistence in host * **amp**: Selectable *marker*. Enables us to force cells to take up plasmid * **lacZa**: *Cloning* site. Add *foreign genes* here
70
Tools needed for DNA cloning
* **Copying**: Thermostable *polymerase* * **Cutting**: *Restriction* enzyme * **Joining**: *T4 ligase*
71
Vaccines may consist of...
1. Live **attenuated** microbes - No longer causes serious disease - Risks 2. **Killed** microbes - Not as pure 3. **Antigens** (proteins) produced in a GMO host 4. **mRNA** coding for antigens - Developed in the last two years

BIOL1007 (4 decks)

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