Module 3 Flashcards
(343 cards)
1
Q
Integ/o
A
To cover
2
Q
Integument?
A
Covering membrane of the body
3
Q
Metrics of the skin?
A
More than 3000 square inch of surface area; up to 6 lbs.
4
Q
Functions of the skin (4)?
A
Protect the body,
regulate temperature ,
sense the surrounding environment, secretion
5
Q
Ways that the skin exhibit protection (4)?
A
-Protects deeper tissue from pathogens
-prevent mechanical injury & excessive water loss
- store both food and water
-guard body from excessive UV rays from the sun.
6
Q
Ways the skin regulate temperature rises?
A
- blood vessels in the dermis dilate when temperature rises, which allows more blood to be brought to skin and heat radiate out of skin.
- sweat glands will secrete more sweat to cool body.
7
Q
Ways skin regulate temperature drops?
A
Blood vessels in the dermis constrict, keeping blood closer to the core of the body and converse more body heat.
8
Q
How the skin practices sensation?
A
Skin sense environment through nerve endings that sense pain, touch, heat, cold, and pressure.
- nerve travels to the brain and provoked a response to the signal.
9
Q
How the skin exhibits secretion?
A
Secretes substances through sweat and sebaceous glands
10
Q
Two types of glands on the skin?
A
Sebaceous glands and sweat glands
11
Q
Purpose of sweat glands? What is sweat made out of?
A
Cool the body
- water, salt, and waste
12
Q
Purpose of sebaceous glands?
A
Secrete sebum to protect skin from dehydration.
13
Q
Layers of the skin?
A
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer (hypo dermis)
14
Q
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
A
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum
can lemurs get some bamboo
15
Q
What epidermis layer are new skin cells generated?
A
Stratum germinativum
16
Q
What epidermis layer is melanocytes found?
A
Stratum germinativum
17
Q
Function of Stratum germinativum
A
-
-Site where basal cells exhibit mitosis to create keratinocytes to be pushed to upper layers of the epidermis
- melanocytes create melanin to be carried through melanosomes
- contain merkel cells which aid in the nervous system.
18
Q
Function of Stratum spinosum?
A
-Contain keratin cells pushed from the germinativum layer.
-Contain Langerhan cells which function to protect the skin from invading pathogens
19
Q
Cells that attack foreign invaders in the epidermis?
A
Langerhan cells ( found in the Stratum spinosum)
20
Q
Function of Stratum granulosum and lucidum
A
Contain keratin cells
- lucidum layer only in thick skin areas; contain thin clear protein (eleidin protein)
21
Q
Function of Stratum Corneum?
A
Superficial layer that is made of dead cornified keratin skin cells.
Functions to protect the deeper layers.
22
Q
What is keratin?
A
Protein that help cells be tough and water resistant
- forms hair, nails, and the thick skin of the palms and soles
23
Q
Function of the dermis layer
A
Protects deeper layers, Thermo regulation, and aids in sensation.
24
Q
What is dermis layer made out of?
A
- connective tissue
-also nerve, nerve endings , blood vessels, sebaceous and sweat glands, elastic fibers, hair follicles and lymphatics
25
7 types of skin lesions
Macule
Wheal
Papule
Vesicle
Pustule
Ulcer
Fissure
26
Definition of macule and example?
Flat discolored spot on the skin
Ex. Mole
27
Definition of wheal and example
Localized temporary elevation of the skin that is itchy and irregular.
Ex. Hives or urticaria
28
Definition of papule and example?
Solid, confined and elevated area in the skin.
Ex. Pimple
29
Definition of vesicle and example?
Small fluid filled sac
Ex. Blister
30
Definition of pustule and example?
Small elevated confined lesion filled with pus.
Ex. Pimple
31
Definition of ulcer?
Erosion or eating away of healthy tissue.
32
Definition of fissure?
Crack like slit that extends through the epidermis into the dermis.
33
Parts of the hair?
Hair follicle
Hair root
Hair shaft
Arrector pili muscle
34
Hair root
Embedded into the hair follicle
35
Hair shaft
Part of the hair that is visible
36
Arrector pili muscle function?
Attaches to the hair follicle and keeps hair erect.
- the muscle contracts when the skin is cooled; goosebump reaction.
37
Changes to hair with age?
Less melanin, thinning on scalp, texture.
Male: more hair in ears, nose, and eyebrow
Female: hormonal changes that can increase facial hair.
38
What is the nail made up of?
Hard keratin that covers ends of hair and toes.
Nail made up of nail body and nail root
39
Terms pertaining to the nail (6)?
Nail body
Nail bed
Nail root
Eponychium
Lunula
Free edge
40
Nail body
Visible portion of the nail and covers the part of epidermis called the nail bed.
41
Nail bed
Epithelial tissue located deep to the nail body.
Pink in color due to blood vessels in this tissue
42
Nail root
Fold of epithelial tissue that is not visible
43
Eponychium
Small portion of epithelial fold that extends over the base of the nail body.
Cuticle
44
Lunula
Area at the base of the nail body that is lighter than the rest; due to compressed blood vessels by the nail body.
45
Free Edge
Top of the nail body
46
Description of the sebaceous gland?
-Oil secreting glands
-Opens into the hair follicle and secretes sebum, which lubricates hair and skin
-Amount of sebum Varys due to age, disease, puberty and pregnancy
47
Two types of sweat glands
Merocrine glands and Apocrine glands
48
Where does merocrine glands secrete?
Directly to the skin surface
-prevalent on sole of feet and palms of the hand
49
Where does apocrine glands secrete?
Into the hair follicles located in the axillae, nipples, and the groin
- begins during puberty
50
BCC
Basal cell carcinoma
51
BX
Biopsy
52
C&S
Culture and Sensitivity
53
Decub
Decubitus ulcer
54
Derm
Dermatology
55
HSV
Herpes Simplex Virus
56
I & D
Incision and Drainage
57
ID
Intradermal
58
MM
Malignant melanoma
59
PPD
Purified protein derivative
60
SCC
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
61
SG
Skin Graft
62
STSG
Split Thickness Skin Graft
63
Subq
Subcutaneous
64
Abrasion
Skin injury that scrapes away surface of skin
65
Abscess
Collection of puss in the skin
66
Albinism
Genetic condition where there is partial or complete absence of pigment in skin, hair and eyes.
67
Anhidrosis
Condition where pt is unable to sweat
68
Autograft
Graft taken from one part of the pt body and transferred to another part.
69
Avulsion
Part or structure of the body has been forcibly torn off body
70
Biopsy
Surgical procedure to remove part of tissue for further evaluation under a microscope.
71
Bulla
A large blister
72
Cauterization
Intentional destruction of tissue by a caustic chemical, electric current, laser, or freezing
73
Cyst
Fluid filled sac in the skin
74
Chemabrasion
Removal of superficial layer of skin using chemicals
75
Comedo
Blackhead
76
Contusion
Blunt trauma to the skin that results in bruising without a break in the skin
77
Cryosurgery
Use by extreme cold to freeze and destroy tissue
78
Culture and Sensitivity
Lab test used to determine specific bacteria causing an infection and it’s sensitivity to antibiotics
79
Debridement
Removal of foreign material dead and/or damage tissue from a wound.
80
Dehiscence
Complication of wound healing where edge of wound reopen and separate
81
Dermabrasion
Scraping the skin with sandpaper or rotating wire brushes
82
Erythema
Redness of the skin
83
Eschar
Scab, slough
84
Exudate
Oozing of pus or serum
85
Keloid
A thick and raised scar caused by excessive collagen formation
86
Laceration
Wound in the skin with a jagged edge, typically caused by trauma
87
Lesion
General term for Abnormality in the skin
88
Necrosis
Area of tissue death
89
Nevis
Pigmented skin blemish, birthmark, or moles
90
Nodule
Solid or raised area of skin cells
91
Onychia
Inflamed nail bed
92
Petechiae
Flat pinpoint purplish spots from bleeding that is underneath the skin
93
Pruritus
Severe itching
94
Purpura
Bruises that occur in older adults with thin easily damaged skin.
95
Pyogenic
Producing pus
96
Seborrhea
Oil discharge from sebaceous gland
97
Skin graft
Transfer of healthy skin to cover another damaged area.
98
Trichophagia
Hair eating
99
Urcticaria
Skin eruption of pale reddish wheals, with severe itching
Also called hives
100
Ungal
Pertaining to the nail
101
Acr/o
Extremity
102
Aden/o
Gland
103
Albin/o
White
104
Ang/i
Vessel
105
Caus/o
Burn/burning
106
Cellul/o
Little cell
107
Cutane/o
Skin
108
Derm/a
Skin
109
Dermat/o
Skin
110
Erythr/o
Red
111
Follicul/o
Little bag
112
Hidr/o
Sweat
113
Icter/o
Jaundice
114
Integument/o
A covering
115
Kel/o
Tumor
116
Kerat/o
Horn
117
Leuk/o
White
118
Melan/o
Black
119
Myc/o
Fungus
120
Oncych/o
Nail
121
Pachy/o
Thick
122
Pedicul/o
A louse
123
Plak/o
Plate
124
Prurit/o
Itching
125
Rhytid/o
Wrinkle
126
Scler/o
Hardening
127
Seb/o
Oil
128
Therm/o
Hot; heat
129
Trich/o
Hair
130
Vuls/o
To pull
131
Xanth/o
Yellow
132
Xer/o
Dry
133
Acne
Inflammation of the sebaceous gland and hair follicles that result in pustules and papules.
- common in teenagers
134
Acne rosacea
Chronic acne in adults
- red rash, tiny pimples, and broken blood vessels develop
- typically on cheeks and nose
135
Alopecia
Loss of hair
136
Alopecia areata
Hair loss in defined patches
137
Androgenic alopecia
Hair loss resulting from aging
-begins in frontal area of the scalp and proceeds toward the back
138
Basal cell carinoma
Skin cancer in the epidermis
- very common and mainly results from sun exposure
-typically does not metastasize
139
Burns and 6 types of burns
Tissue injury from:
heat
fire
chemicals
electricity
lightning or
radiation being applied to skin
140
1st degree burn?
Affects the epidermis and results in erythema without blisters
141
2nd degree burn?
Affects the epidermis and into the dermis; causes blisters
142
3rd degree burn?
Extends through the epidermis, dermis and underlying tissue.
-will require intensive treatment and possibly skin graft
- not painful since nerve endings are damaged.
143
Name for the 3 degrees of burns?
1st: superficial burn
2nd: partial thickness burn
3rd: full thickness burn
144
Cellulitis
Acute diffuse inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
- caused by bacterial infection that can gain access to skin
- appears painful red and swollen
145
Decubitus ulcer
Ulcer formed due to prolonged pressure that obstructs blood flow.
146
Ecchymosis
Bruising
- trauma and creates a black and blue appearance of the skin from blood collecting under the skin.
147
Eczema
Acute or chronic inflammatory skin condition where the skin becomes red and itchy.
- vesicles, papules, pustales, scales, and crusting can occur.
148
Atopic dermatitis
Most common type of eczema; inflammation due to overactivity of immune system, rather than external factors.
Common in children
149
Gangrene
Tissue necrosis caused by lack of blood supply
-can result in wound debridement, I’ve antibiotics, or even amputation
150
Herpes simplex
Viral infection caused by the herpes virus type 1
- causes blisters around the lips and the nose
151
Herpes zoster
Viral infection caused by varicella zoster virus
- occurs along a nerve root; blisters form along nerve of the skin
- “shingles “
152
Impetigo
Inflammatory skin disease where pustules and vesicles rupture and become crusted.
153
Malignant melanoma
Aggressive skin cancer that originates in a melanocyte
- can metastasize
154
Pediculosis
Infection by lice
- eggs from lice are found at base of hair shaft
-saliva from lice can cause a rash
155
Psoriasis
Chronic inflammatory condition where crusty papules form patches on the skin;
patches have circular borders
156
Scabies
Mite infection
- mites burrow into the dermis and deposit eggs
- causes inflammation, vesicles, and itching
157
Squamous cell caronoma
Skin cancer starting in the epidermis
- can grow into deeper tissue and cause ulcers
- rarely metastasizes
158
Tina corporis
Ringworm
- contagious fungal infection that results in scaling, discolored and well defined skin lesions that are itchy and appear in patches
159
Family of fungi associated with Tina corporis?
Dermatophytes
160
Tina pedis
Fungal infection of foot
161
Tina capitis
Fungal infection of the scalp
162
Varicella
Viral infection of herpes zoster
-Causes fever and headache
-associated with a skin rash of macules, papules, vesicles, and crusts
163
Vitiligo
Skin condition where pigment of skin disappears
Melanocytes are attacked causing less pigmentation
164
List of contagious skin disease
Impetigo
Tina corporis
Tina pedis
Tina capitus
Scabies
Varicella
Herpes zooster
Herpes simplex virus
165
List of non contagious skin disorders
Psoriasis
Eczema
Vitiligo
Acne
Alopecia
Skin cancer
166
List of viral skin disorders
Varicella
Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster
167
List of fungus skin disorders
Tina corporis
Tina pedis
Tina capitis
168
List of bacterial skin disorders
Cellulitis
Impetigo
169
Vector skin disorders?
Scabies
Pediculosis
170
Cancer skin disorders
Malignant melanoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
171
Orthopedics
Medical specialty that focuses on the musculoskeletal system.
172
How many’s bones does the human body have and what are bones made out of?
206 bones
25% water; 75% hard matter ( mainly calcium and phosphate)
173
What are the functions of the bone?
-Framework
-Aid in movement
-Protection of internal organs
-Storage of minerals like calcium and phosphate
-site of blood formation
174
What are the two divisions of the skeleton?
Axial and Appendicular skeleton
175
What parts make up the axial skeleton? (4)
Skull, spine,ribs, and sternum
176
What parts make up the appendicular skeleton? (6)
The shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs and feet
177
What are the five bone types by shape?
Long bones
Flat bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
178
Where are the long bones located? Example?
Arms and legs
Ex. Femur
179
Where are the flat bones located? Example?
Shoulder, skull, ribs ; and part of the pelvis
Ex. Sternum or bones in the skull
180
Where are short bones located? Example?
Fingers and toes
Ex. Carpal bones
181
Where are irregular bones located? Example?
Spine and ear
Ex. Vertebrae
182
Example of sesamoid bones?
Ex. Patella
183
List the bones in the arm and hand
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal
Metacarpal
Phalanges
184
List the bones in the leg and foot
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fiblia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
185
List the bones in the hip
Illium
Ischium
Pubis
186
List the bones in the thoracic
Ribs
Sternum
187
List the two major bones above the thoracic region
Clavicle
Scapula
188
List the bones along the vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
189
What are the 3 accessories to the skeletal system?
Cartilage,tendons, ligaments
190
Definition of cartilage
Fibrous connective tissue found at end of bone , in the joints, and the tube structure of the body, such as the larynx, air passage, and ears.
Acts as a shock absorber
191
Definition of tendons
Fibrous cords that connect muscle to bone.
192
Definition of ligaments
Fibrous tissue in bands or sheets that connect two or more bones, cartilages, and other structures.
-also helps to support the fascia and muscles
193
3 functions of muscles? 3 types of muscles?
-enable body to move
-produce 85% of body heat
-maintain stability and posture
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
194
Definition of joints
Point where two or more bones connect
195
What are the three parts of skeletal muscle?
Body, origin, and insertion
196
Characteristic of fibrous joints and where it is found.
Provides no movement
Found between bones of the skull
197
Characteristic of cartilaginous joints and where it is found.
Provides slight movement
Found between the vertebrae of the spine.
198
Characteristic of synovial joints and where it is found.
Allows free movement in a variety of direction due to synovial fluid lubricating the joint .
Found at hips, knees, shoulders, elbows,wrist and ankles.
199
Bending a limb
Ex. Elbow and knees
Flexion
200
Straightening a flexed limb
Ex.elbow and knee
Extension
201
Moving a body part in a circular motion
Ex.shoulder and hip
Circumduction
202
Moving a body part away from the middle
Ex. Shoulder and hip
Abduction
203
Moving a body part toward the middle
Ex. Shoulder and hip
Adduction
204
Moving a body part forward
Ex. Jaw
Protraction
205
Moving a body part backward
Ex. Jaw
Retraction
206
Moving a body park around the central axis
Ex. C1 vertebrae
Rotation
207
Bending a body part backward
Ex. Wrist and ankle
Dorsiflexion
208
Turning the palm downward
Ex. Wrist
Pronation
209
Turning the palm upward
Ex. Wrist
Supination
210
Turning the sole outward
Ex. Ankle
Eversion
211
Turning the sole inward
Ex. Ankle
Inversion
212
AKA
Above the knee amputation
213
BKA
Below the knee amputation
214
CK
Creating Kinase
215
C1,C2,etc
First cervical vertebrae, etc
216
EMG
Electromyography
217
Fx
Fracture
218
IM
Intramuscular
219
L1,L2,etc
First lumbar vertebrae, etc
220
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
221
NSAIDS
Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs
222
OA
Osteoarthritis
223
ROM
Range of motion
224
T1,T2,etc
First thoracic vertebrae, etc
225
Arthr/o
Joint
226
Burs/o
Bursa
227
Carp/o
Carpus/wrist
228
Chondr/o
Cartilage
229
Clavicula/o
Clavicle/ collar bone
230
Coccyg/o
Coccyx/tail bone
231
Cost/o
Rib
232
Crani/o
Skull
233
Femor/o
Femur
234
Fibul/o
Fibula (thin lower leg bone)
235
Humer/o
Humerus
236
Ili/o
Ilium ( bone in pelvis )
237
Ischi/o
Ischium (bone in pelvis)
238
Kryph/o
Hump
239
Lord/o
Bent backward
240
Mandibul/o
Mandible (Lower jaw)
241
Maxill/o
Maxilla (Upper jaw )
242
Metacarp/o
Metacarpus
243
Metatars/o
Metatarsus (foot bone)
244
Muscul/o
Muscle
245
My/o
Muscle
246
Oste/o
Bone
247
Patell/o
Patella
248
Phalang/o
Phalanges
249
Pub/o
Pubus
250
Radi/o
Radius
251
Sacr/o
Sacrum
252
Scapul/o
Scapula
253
Scoli/o
Crooked/bent
254
Spondyl/o
Vertebrae
255
Stern/o
Sternum
256
Tars/o
Tarsus
257
Ten/o
Tendon
258
Tendin/o
Tendon
259
Tibi/o
Tibia (thicker lower leg bone)
260
Uln/o
Ulna (part of forearm)
261
Vertebr/o
Vertebra
262
Agonist
Muscle that is the primary mover of a given movement
263
Amputation
Surgical or traumatic removal of a limb, part, or other appendage
264
Antagonist
Muscle that counteracts the action of another muscle
265
Arthralgia
Joint pain
266
Ataxia
Lack of muscle coordination
267
Atonic
Lack of normal muscle tone
268
Atrophy
The wasting away of muscle tissue that may be caused by lack of use or lack of nerve stimulation
269
Brachyalgia
Pain in the arm
270
Bradykinesia
Slowness of motion or movement
271
Bursa
Pad like sac between muscles tendons and bones that is lined with synovial fluid and contains a fluid
272
Calcaneal
Pertaining to the heel bone
273
Carpal
Pertaining to the wrist bone
274
Cast
Mechanical equipment that is hard and used to immobilize a fracture bone, dislocated joint, or sprain.
275
Chondral
Pertaining to cartilage
276
Clavicular
Pertaining to the clavicle or collar bone
277
Coccygeal
Pertaining to the coccyx or tailbone
278
Contracture
Shortening of the muscle that is then resistant to stretching
279
Dactylogram
A fingerprint
280
Dislocation
Separation of the bone from the joint
281
Dystonia
Impaired muscle tone
282
Fixation
Process of holding or securing in a Fixed position
283
Flaccid
Lacking muscle tone
284
Hallux
The big toe
285
Humeral
Pertaining to the humerus
286
Iliac
Pertaining to the ilium
287
Lliisacral
Pertaining to the illium and the sacrum
288
Intercostal
Pertaining to the space between two ribs
289
Ischial
Pertaining to the ischium
290
Lumbar
Pertaining to the lower back
291
Mandibular
Pertaining to the lower jaw
292
Maxillary
Pertaining to the upper jaw
293
Meniscus
Crescent shaped cartilage that is located in certain joints
Ex. Knee
294
Myalgia
Pain the the muscle
295
Osteogenesis
Formation of bone
296
Pedal
Pertaining to the foot
297
Radial
Pertaining to the radius
298
Spinal
Pertaining to the spine
299
Symphysis
A form joint made of cartilage
300
Synergist
The muscle that acts alongside another muscle to produce movement
301
Tibial
Pertaining to the tibia
302
Ulnar
Pertaining to the ulna
303
Xiphoid
The xiphoid process is the lowest portion of the sternum, it is cartilage that is shaped like a sword.
304
Arthritis
Inflammation of the joint
- can result from injury
305
Rheumatoid arthritis
Destruction of the joint caused by a person’s own immune system
306
Osteoarthritis
Inflammation of joint that results from general use of the joint as the body ages
307
Bursititis, tendinitis, fascititis, myositis
Inflammation of bursa, tendon, fascia, muscle
308
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Compression of the medial nerve that does underneath a ligament that connects the carpal bones
- common with pts who use hands alot
309
Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome
Pain, soreness, tenderness, weakness, numbness, and tingling
310
Genu valgum
Abnormal connection where ankles are far apart and knees are together
“Knock-knee”
311
Genu varum
Legs are bowed so that knees are far apart when the child stands
Ex. Bow leg
312
Gout
Disease where pt develops pain in the small joints of the hand and feet due to deposits of Kroc acid crystals in the joints
313
Abnormal curves of the spine (3)?
Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis
314
Kyphosis
Exaggerated curve at the thoracic portion of the spine, producing a hunchback appearance
315
Lordosis
Exaggerated curve of lumbar that pushes the abdomen and buttock out
316
Scoliosos
Abnormal lateral curve of the spine
317
Cancers that originate in the bones/muscle (4)?
Myeloma
Myoma
Myosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
318
Tumor of bone marrow
Myeloma
319
Malignant tumor of the bone
Osteosarcoma
320
A tumor of the muscle
Myoma
321
Malignant tumor of the muscle tissue
Myosarcoma
322
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow caused by infection from a pathogen
323
Osteoporosis
Condition where bone density decreases
- causes bone fragility; leads to weakness and increase in fractures
- common in post menopausal women
324
Fracture
Break in bone due to trauma or disease
325
Closed or simple fracture
Fracture where there is no break in Skin
326
Open or compound fracture
Fracture that do cause break in skin
- can cause infection or bleeding
327
Comminuted fracture
When bone is shattered
328
Transverse fracture
A break in the shaft of the bone
329
Compression fracture
When two bones are pressed together
330
Greenstick fracture
A break in half of the shaft of a bone
331
Epiphyseal fracture
Break in the growth plate at the end of a long bone
332
Why are greenstick and epiphyseal fractures more common in children?
Bones are more flexible and not fully calcified
333
Open reduction internal fixation procedure
ORIF
Surgical repair of a severe fracture
334
The process of ORIF
Fracture is reduced or put back in place in a open incision made by surgeon then fixed with hardware (screw or plates) .
-hardware can be left temporarily or permanently
335
Muscular dystrophy
Group of genetic diseases that causes progressive weakness and degeneration
336
Artheocentesis
Surgical procedure to remove fluid in a joint
337
Arthroscopy
Surgical procedure to examine inside of joint with a camera
338
Arthroplasty
Surgical procedure to repair a joint
-ex. Hip arthroplasty
339
Bone marrow transplant
Surgical procedure wheee bone marrow is taken from a donor and placed into a pt.
Can be used to treat blood cancers
340
Craniectomy
Surgical excision of a portion of skull
341
Craniotomy
Surgical incision made into the skull
342
Laminectomy
Surgical excision of a portion of the vertebrae
343
Spondylosyndesis
“Spinal binding”
- surgical procedure where two vertebrae are fused together. This results ina loss of movement between the vertebrae.
- common treatment for back pain caused by intervertebral disc injury
