Module 4 Flashcards

Question

ADH

Answer 1

Regulates the secretion or reabsorption of water in the kidneys

Answer 2

Stimulates the uterus to contract during childbirth And the release of milk from the mammary glands

Answer 3

Melatonin Serotonin

Answer 4

Regulates the body’s sleep-wake cycle

Answer 5

Stimulates the nervous system by releasing neurotransmitters, smooth muscles and gastric secretions

Answer 6

Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin

Answer 7

Maintains and re guy lates the basic metabolic rate of the body, growth and development , and metabolism of nutrients, water, vitamins, and minerals

Answer 8

Involved in bone and calcium metabolism (Lowers the blood calcium levels)

Answer 9

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Maintaining calcium levels and the metabolism of phosphorous

Answer 10

Endocrine portion of the pancreas that consist of cell clusters

Answer 11

Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin

Answer 12

Insulin: stimulates cells to take in glucose from bloodstream for metabolism Glucagon: breaks down glucagon to glucose, increasing blood glucose levels Somatostatin: decrease production of insulin and glucagon

Answer 13

Epithelial lining of the stomach and intestine; secretes several hormones related to digestion

Answer 14

Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin Enterogastrone

Answer 15

Stimulates production of gastric acid in the stomach

Answer 16

Stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes, bile, and other secretions from the intestines involved in digestion of food.

Answer 17

Controls the gallbladder

Answer 18

Regulates secretions from the stomach

Answer 19

Adrenal cortex (outer portion) Adrenal medulla ( inner portion)

Answer 20

Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Androgens

Answer 21

Involved in carbohydrate metabolism Cortisol Corticosterone

Answer 22

Regulation of electrolytes and fluid balance Aldosterone

Answer 23

Stimulates the development of male sex characteristics. Testosterone and androsterone

Answer 24

Catecholamines

Answer 25

Involved in nervous system regulation; involved in sympathetic nervous system function. Dopamine Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Answer 26

Ovaries Testes Placenta

Answer 27

Ovaries: estrogen and progesterone Testes: testosterone -regulates female and male sex organs

Answer 28

Temporary endocrine organ that secrete hormones involved in the growth and development of the fetus.

Answer 29

Thymosin Thymopoietin

Answer 30

When adrenal cortex produces too much of the hormone cortisol.

Answer 31

Tumor in the adenohypophysis or a tumor in the adrenal gland

Answer 32

Muscle weakness, fatigue, mood swings, and easy bruising

Answer 33

Hypertension Fat deposits in the face Buffalo jump Hirsutism Edema Skin discoloration Osteoporosis

Answer 34

Diagnosis made by testing cortisol levels in the blood Tumors may need surgical resection Wean off corticosteroid if patient is using.

Answer 35

Disease with abnormal glucose metabolism - when insulin is either not produced by the pancreas or the cells of the body do not respond to insulin

Answer 36

IDDM: beta cells of pancreas no longer produce insulin NIDDM: cells do not respond to insulin

Answer 37

Condition where the body is using fat as a source of fuel, rather than carbohydrates

Answer 38

Polyuria Polydipsia T1: polyphagja, fatigue, weight loss T2: blurred vision

Answer 39

Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Gangrene, foot ulcers Cataracts, glaucoma, retinopathy CAD, stroke Hypertension, renal failure, albuminuria UTI, impaired healing, chronic skin disease

Answer 40

Excess of thyroid hormone secreted by thyroid gland Causes: Graves’ disease Toxic multi modular goiter Thyroiditis Benign or malignant tumors

Answer 41

Autoimmune disease where antibodies stimulate the thyroid to produce too much T4

Answer 42

Enlargement of the thyroid gland that then produces too much thyroid hormone.

Answer 43

Hyperactivity Nervousness Irritability Sweating Palpitations Tachycardia Intolerance to heat Weight loss Diarrhea Easy fatigue

Answer 44

Medications Radio-iodine treatments that destroy the thyroid tissue Partial thyroidectomy

Answer 45

Deficiency of thyroid hormone Causes: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Treatments for hyperthyroidism Radiation treatments Thyroid surgery Certain medications

Answer 46

Fatigue Weakness Dry skin Intolerance to cold Bradycardia Hair loss Weight gain Dyspnea

Answer 47

Supplementation with synthetic thyroid hormone

Answer 48

-Coordinates all the activities of the body -Received info from sensory receptors and then uses this info to coordinate the activities of the muscles, organs, and glands to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 49

CNS: brain and spinal cord PNS: connects CNS to the rest of the body

Answer 50

Protected by the skull, vertebrae of the skeletal system, and the meninges

Answer 51

Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia Mater

Answer 52

Produced by the ventricles of the brain Surrounds the brain and spinal cord; cushions and protects these structures from shock.

Answer 53

Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brain Stem

Answer 54

Contain nerve centers that control all sensory and motor activity, memories, consciousness, emotions, and voluntary movement

Answer 55

Coordinates sensory perception and motor output

Answer 56

Thalamus Hypothalamus

Answer 57

Relay center for incoming sensory and motor impulses -sends messages onto the cerebrum

Answer 58

Regulates the autonomic nervous system Serves has a connection between ANS and the nervous system

Answer 59

Connects the spinal cord with the cerebrum and cerebellum Cranial nerves originates from brain stem and innervate the face and neck Controls breathing, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, heartbeat, and blood pressure

Answer 60

Pons Midbrain Medulla oblongata

Answer 61

Conducts sensory impulses from the PNS to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to the spinal nerves Processes the body’s reflexes

Answer 62

Contains the nerves that come from the brain and spinal cord that innervate the rest of the body

Answer 63

12 pairs Nerves that originate in the brain Innervate the senses, motor movements of the head/shoulders, swallowing, breathing, speech , and the muscles of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Answer 64

Originate in the spinal cord Branch out into smaller nerves that innervate the rest of the body.

Answer 65

Dorsal root and ventral root

Answer 66

Carries sensory input to the spinal cord to be sent to the brain

Answer 67

Carries motor output to the muscles and the organs

Answer 68

Autonomic and somatic

Answer 69

Controls involuntary functions of the body Ex. Sweating, gland secretion, blood pressure, smooth muscles

Answer 70

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Answer 71

Activated in emergency situations and creates the fight or flight response to stress.

Answer 72

Regulates the daily functioning of the body and maintain homeostasis

Answer 73

Assessment of mental status and memory Cranial nerve testing Muscle tone Gait observation Reflexes, sensation and coordination

Answer 74

Progressive deterioration of a patients cognitive abilities and memories that then impair ADL, thinking, reasoning, and remembering

Answer 75

Alzheimer’s dimentia Vascular dementia Frontotemporal dementia Parkinson’s disease

Answer 76

Advanced aging Frequency of dementia increases with each decade of life.

Answer 77

Mini mental state examination (MMSE)

Answer 78

Screening tool used to help with the diagnosis of dementia Assesses pts memory, orientation, language comprehension, copying and naming .

Answer 79

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Answer 80

Tumors that decline in the brain that arises from brain tissue or metastasize from other primary tumors

Answer 81

Progression of neurological deficit Seizure Headache Dementia Personality change Gait disorder

Answer 82

Position emission tomography scan (PET) CT scan MRI

Answer 83

Tumor made of neurological tissue; arising from glial cells

Answer 84

Tumor of the nerve cell and nerve fibers

Answer 85

Malignant tumor of the central nervous system. More easily removable than astrocytoma and responds better to chemotherapy

Answer 86

Tumor of the brain made of astrocytes -Most common primary metastatic -Poor prognosis -Difficult to surgical remove and poor response to radiation

Answer 87

Benign tumor of the meninges. Can be cured by surgical removable

Answer 88

When blood flow to the brain is disrupted

Answer 89

Strokes, aneurysms, etc

Answer 90

Hemorrhagic and ischemic

Answer 91

When a blood vessel in the brain ruptures

Answer 92

When a blood clot blocks the flow of blood to the brain

Answer 93

Thrombosis Embolism

Answer 94

Clot travels to the brain from another part of the body

Answer 95

A clot that develops in the cerebral artery

Answer 96

Blood flow to the brain is disrupted by compression of the artery from the outside, such as a tumor

Answer 97

Weakness in the blood vessel wall that is at risk of a hemorrhage

Answer 98

Area of tissue damage or death due to lack of blood supply

Answer 99

Reestablish blood flow very quickly by: Relieving compression of an artery Stopping hemorrhages Removing a blood clot Require rapid medical support and intervention!

Answer 100

Episode of sudden abnormal excessive activity of the CNS leading to changes in attention or behavior that patient is unable to control

Answer 101

Chronic disorder of the brain where a patient experienced recurrent seizures

Answer 102

Disease of the CNS , caused by the immune system (autoimmune) Characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and then scarring of the nerves

Answer 103

Damage to the myelin stealth

Answer 104

Tremors Spasms Muscle weakness of the limbs Incoordination Paraesthesia Visual and speech disturbances

Answer 105

Tremors Spasms Muscle weakness of the limbs Incoordination Paraesthesia Visual and speech disturbances Diminished reflux Ataxic movement Dysphasia Blurred vision

Answer 106

Oral steroid medication for acute attacks or worsening symptoms

Answer 107

Disorder where nerves cells that control movement begin to deteriorate This decreases the amount of dopamine

Answer 108

Tremors of the extremities (start at one side of body and progresses to other side) Bradykinesia Akinesia Rigid limbs Shuffling gait Stooped posture Depression, cognitive impairment , dementia, sleep disorders

Answer 109

Medications to increase the amount of dopamine are used to manage tremor symptoms and other physical symptoms.

Answer 110

Surgical procedure to treat PD when medications are no longer effective. Surgical planted devices that deliver electric stimulations of the areas of the brain that control movement .

Answer 111

Divisions of the nervous system that has specialized organs devoted to that sense Ears, eyes, nose, and tongue These organs are innervated by cranial nerves that detect senses

Answer 112

Eye professions

Answer 113

Study of the eras, nose , and throat ENT

Answer 114

Hearing professions

Answer 115

Outer Inner Middle

Answer 116

Detects sound and funnels sound to the inner structures of the ear Auricle and external acoustic meatus

Answer 117

Tympanic membrane Ossicles

Answer 118

Malleus Incus Stapes

Answer 119

Air filled cavity in the temporal bone of the skull.

Answer 120

Sound waves reach the tympanic membrane , it vibrates, and those vibrations travel through the ossicles to the oval window.

Answer 121

Oval window Vestibule Cochlea Semicircular canals

Answer 122

Inner ear structure that contains sensory receptors that sense hearing and transmit vibrations to the brain via the cochlear nerve

Answer 123

Cochlear nerve Vestibular nerve

Answer 124

Detect the body’s equilibrium , balance, and position.

Answer 125

Orbit Eyelids Muscle of the eye Conjunctiva Lacrimal apparatus

Answer 126

Cavity in the skull that contains eyeball Lined with fatty tissue with openings for blood vessels and nerves to travel to eyeball.

Answer 127

Hold eye in place and allow rotational movement.

Answer 128

Mucous membrane that covers eyeball and protects eyeball surface

Answer 129

Produces, stores and removes tears that lubricate and cleanse the eye.

Answer 130

Sclera Cornea Aqueous humor Pupil Iris Ciliary body Choroid Vitrous body Retina Macule Fovea Optic disk

Answer 131

Optic nerve

Answer 132

Outer layer of eyeball, ends at cornea Forms the supporting wall of the eyeball.

Answer 133

Anterior transparent portion of eyeball Bends light and directs light through the lens to focus on the retina.

Answer 134

Circular opening in the Iris Expand and constructs to permit more or less light into the eye.

Answer 135

Colored portion of the eye Controls how much light the pupil will permit

Answer 136

Located behind the pupil Focuses light onto the retina

Answer 137

Smooth muscle that changes the shape of the lens and secretes aqueous humor

Answer 138

Intraocular fluid that nourishes the cornea, lens, and surrounding tissues

Answer 139

Internal membrane that prevents the internal reflection of light within eyeball Also contains blood vessels

Answer 140

Jelly-like material behind lens, maintains eyeball shape

Answer 141

Inner most layer of eye which contains photoreceptors cells that detect dim and bright light Translates light into nerve impulses that are sent to brain via the optic nerve

Answer 142

Photoreceptors of the retina Rods detect dim light and are used for night vision Cones detect bright light and are used for color vision

Answer 143

Translates light into nerve impulses that are sent to brain via the optic nerve

Answer 144

The macula is the center portion of the retina that produces even sharper vision with its rods and cones. The fovea is the pit inside the macula with only cones, so vision can be at its sharpest. Optic disk is blind spot on retina with no rods/cones; where nerve impulses are sent through optic nerve.

Answer 145

Nares Nasal septum Nasal cavity Cilia

Answer 146

External and internal section

Answer 147

Olfactory nerve

Answer 148

Aids in breathing Moves food in the mouth while chewing Moves food to the back of the larynx

Answer 149

Facial nerve Glossopharyneal nerve Hypoglossal nerve

Answer 150

Sharpness of vision

Answer 151

Snellen eye chart *multicolored charts used to assess pt ability to recognize different colors

Answer 152

Measures Intraocular pressure

Answer 153

Used to test for hearing loss Help distinguish between perceptive hearing loss and conductive hearing loss

Answer 154

Air conduction Hearing vs bone conduction hearing

Answer 155

Conductive and sensorineural

Answer 156

Dysfunction to the middle or external ear; sound cannot travel to inner ear Causes: obstruction by cerumen Fluid in middle ear Stiffness of the ossicles Separation of ossicles from middle ear

Answer 157

Stiffness of the ossicles

Answer 158

Deterioration of the cochlea Causes: aging (presbycusis) Constant exposure to loud sound Head trauma or disease

Answer 159

Medication Hearing aids Cochlear implants: surgically implanted electronic devices used to stimulate the foxholes with sounds detected on a receiver

Answer 160

Bacterial infection of the middle ear

Answer 161

Describes problem of the middle ear that does not improve; stays constant Ex. Tympanic membrane rupture Infection of middle ear that does not improve

Answer 162

Otalgia Hearing impairment Increased pressure in ear Fever Tympanic membrane may appear erythemateous under a otoscope

Answer 163

Oral antibiotics Nasal decongestants Tympanocentesis ; to complete culture and relieve pressure Myringotomy; drainage of fluid

Answer 164

Sensation of movement when there is no motion or an exaggerated sense of motion in Response to motion

Answer 165

Disturbance in the inner ear from. Injury, infection, inflammation, or positioning

Answer 166

Episodic vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and pressure in one ear

Answer 167

Vertigo due to changing of position of the head

Answer 168

Opacities of the lens of the eye Leading cause of blindness

Answer 169

Age Genetic Systemic disease (diabetes mellitus) Symptoms : blurred vision

Answer 170

Surgical removal of lens and placement of intraocular lens implant Phacoemulsification : cataracts is dissolved with ultrasound and then relived, and a lens implant put in place

Answer 171

Inflammation of the conjunctiva Pink eye

Answer 172

Bacterial/viral infection allergens, chemical irritants, and or trauma

Answer 173

Redness of eye Increase tearing Thick discharge from eye (viral:watery; bacterial: purulent ) Itchy and burning light Blurry vision Increased sensitivity to light

Answer 174

Increased Intraocular pressure due to buildup of fluid that damaged the optic nerve and the photoreceptor cells

Answer 175

Anterior chamber through the Trabecular mesh work Canal of schlemn into the vascular system

Answer 176

Eustachian tubes

Answer 177

Acute angle-closed glaucoma Chronic glaucoma

Answer 178

Severe eye pain, blurry vision Medical emergency Treatment: IV and topical medication to relieve pressure Surgical or laser iridectomy to prevent another closure

Answer 179

Elevated Intraocular pressure discovered in eye exams Topical medical to relieve pressure Trabeculoplasty: laser procedure

Module 4 Flashcards

(210 cards)