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Medical Terminology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main structures of the cardiovascular system ?

A

Heart and blood vessels

Heart pumps 100,000 times a day.

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2
Q

What is the general pathway of blood between body and heart?

12 pieces

A

Body capillaries, Venules, veins, heart, pulmonary artery, lungs, lung capillaries, pulmonary vein, aorta, artery, arterioles, capillaries

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3
Q

What cavity is the heart located ?

A

In the thoracic cavity

Specifically in the pericardial cavity (this space is also called the mediastinum)

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4
Q

Where is the mediastinum located?

A

In the space between the two pleural cavities and contains organs between the pleural cavities .

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5
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

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6
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the heart

A

Endocardium: inner lining of heart

Myocardium: muscular middle layer

Pericardium: outer sac that surrounds heart and decreases friction between heart and surrounding structures

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7
Q

Function of the right side of the heart?
Left side of the heart?

A

Right side: pumps blood from body tissue to the lungs

Left side : pump blood from lungs to the body tissues

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8
Q

What structure divides the 2 sides of the heart?

A

Septum

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9
Q

What are the 2 chambers of the heart?

A

Atrium and ventricle

Left and right atrium
Left and right ventricle

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10
Q

What structures brings blood to the right atrium ?

A

Superior vena cava
inferior vena cava

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11
Q

Function of right ventricle?

A

Right lower portion

Receives blood from right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk and the right and left pulmonary arteries

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12
Q

Function of left atrium ?

A

Left upper portion

Receives oxygenated blood from the right and left pulmonary veins

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13
Q

Function of the Left ventricle?

A

Left lower portion

Received blood from the left atrium and pumps it out the large artery, the aorta.

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14
Q

What are the four valves of the heart?

A

Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
Aortic valve

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15
Q

Purpose of heart valves?

A

Separates the four chambers
- located at the exit and entrance of each ventricle
- controls the flow of blood from one area to another

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16
Q

Located between right atria and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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17
Q

Located at the exit of the right ventricle and controls blood flow from right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonary valve

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18
Q

Located between left atrium and left ventricle

A

Mitral valve

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19
Q

Located at the exit of the left ventricle

A

Aortic valve

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20
Q

Explain blood circulation journey in the heart.

A

-blood enters heart from superior/inferior vena cava into the right atria
-travels through tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
-leaves right ride of heart through pulmonary valve into left/right pulmonary artery into the lungs
-oxygenated blood removed from lungs via right/left pulmonary veins
-enters left side of heart at the left atrium
-travels through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
-leaves heart through aortic valve and enters aorta
- from aorta, blood is dispersed to the body tissues

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21
Q

Large veins that drain all blood from upper and lower body to right atrium

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

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22
Q

Only artery to carry deoxygenated blood

A

Right and left pulmonary artery

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23
Q

Only vein to carry oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary vein

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24
Q

Blood vessels that carry blood away from heart to the body tissues

A

Arteries

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25
Q

Smallest arteries, only consisting of one to two cell layers of muscle cells

A

Arterioles

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26
Q

Capillary bed

A

Microscopic blood vessels where o2 and nutrients are delivered to the cells of the body and co2 and other waste products are removed from the cells of the body.

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27
Q

Connects arterioles to venules

A

Capillary bed

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28
Q

Smallest veins, one to two muscle cell layers thick

A

Venules

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29
Q

Blood vessels that return the blood to the heart

A

Veins

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30
Q

Major arteries of the body (19)

A

-Right/left common carotid artery
-right/left subclavian artery
-ascending aorta
-aortic arch
-brachial artery
-renal artery
-abdominal aorta
-radial artery
-ulna artery
- common/internal/external iliac artery
-femoral artery
-anterior/posterior tibial artery
-popliteal artery
-perineal artery

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31
Q

Major veins of the body (25)

A

-internal/external jugular vein
-superior/inferior vena cava
-hepatic portal vein
-superior mesenteric vein
-ulnar vein
-radial vein
-common/internal/external iliac vein
-digital veins
-femoral vein
-great saphenous vein
-popliteal vein
-posterior/anterior tibial vein
-fibular vein
-subclavian vein
-right/left brachiocephalic veins
-cephalic vein
-brachial vein
-basilic vein
-median cubital vein
-renal vein

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32
Q

Heartbeat

A

-Coordinated contraction of the heart

-begins 5-6 weeks after conception

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33
Q

Stimulates the heart muscle to contract continuously and rhythmically

A

Neuromuscular tissue

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34
Q

List of neuromuscular tissue of the conduction system ?

A

Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of his
*purkinje fibers

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35
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

A

Pacemaker of the heart, made of a dense collection of purkinje fibers at the upper part of the right atrium

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36
Q

Describe the Pathway of electrical impulses (6)

A

Sinoatrial node
Intermodal pathway
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of his
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

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37
Q

Electrocardiogram (EKG,ECG)

What is its purpose?

A

Measures electrical activity of the heart

Diagnostic tool used to detect abnormalities in the heart, such as ischemia or arrhythmias.

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38
Q

Most common site to measure the pulse? Where is it located?

A

Radial pulse

Located on the thumb side of the wrist

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39
Q

Carotid pulse

A

Easiest pulse to palpate and is commonly used in an emergency

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40
Q

Dorsalis pedis pulse

A

Located on dorsal surface of the foot

Used to assess peripheral artery disease

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41
Q

Normal pulse

A

60-100 BPM

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42
Q

Common pulse points (7)?

A

Temporal
Carotid
Brachial
Radial
Femoral
Popliteal
Dorsalis pedis

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43
Q

Blood pressure

A

Measurement of the pressure that the blood exerts against the arterial wall as the heart pumps and the resistant force of the arterial wall against that blood flow.

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44
Q

Two measurements for blood pressure?

A

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure

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45
Q

Explain Systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

A

Systolic: measurement of pressure when heart contracts and blood is pumped to the body

Diastolic: measurement when heart is relaxed

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46
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

Less than 120/80 mmHg

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47
Q

Measures blood pressure

A

Sphygmomanometer

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48
Q

Explain the process and physiology of checking blood pressure?

A
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49
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Change in or lost of the regular rate and rhythm of the heartbeat

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50
Q

Another name for arrhythmias

A

Dysrhythmias

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51
Q

Symptoms of arrhythmias (5)

A

Syncope or near syncope
Dizziness
Fatigue
Palpitations
Asymptomatic

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52
Q

Consequences of arrhythmias

A

Sudden Cardiac death

Severe decrease in cardiac output that can damage heart and brain

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53
Q

Sinus arrhythmias

A

Arrhythmia that is a normal finding in a patient ; typically do not cause severe symptoms

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54
Q

Sinus tachycardia

A

Irregularity in heart rate where heart rate is greater than 100 BPM

This is typically a normal response to exercise

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55
Q

Common causes of sinus tachycardia

A

Exercise
Infection
Pain
Anxiety
Anemia
Thyroid disease
Heart disease

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56
Q

Sinus bradycardia

A

Defined as heart rate below 60 BPM

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57
Q

Normal for pts who exercise regularly

In patients with underlying heart disease or elderly patients, A problem with the SA node or a side effect of a medication

A

Some causes of sinus bradycardia

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58
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Irregular heart rhythm where the electrical conduction of the heart no longer begins at the SA node, but the start of the electric conduction of the heart comes from many different locations throughout the atria.

-Fast arrhythmia
-Atria twitches irregularly , and the ventricles respond irregularly.

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59
Q

Most common chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation

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60
Q

Symptoms of atrial fibrillation

A

Short of breath
Palpitations
Increased risk of developing stroke

May not feel arrhythmia at all

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61
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

Arrhythmia where contraction is initiated in the ventricles , rather than the atria

Fast, over 100 BPM

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62
Q

Symptoms of ventricular tachycardia

A

Palpitations
Dyspnea
Lightheadedness
Death, if not treated properly

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63
Q

Treatment for ventricular tachycardia

A

Cardioversion

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64
Q

Cardioversion

A

Medical procedure to treat life threatening arrhythmias

Regular heart rate and rhythm are restored after an electric shock is applied to the heart

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65
Q

Treatment for atrial fibrillation

A

Medications to slow heart rate as well as cause the blood to not clot as easily

Surgical ablation

Pacemakers

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66
Q

Ablation

A

Destroys part of atria that are sending irregular electric signals

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67
Q

Pacemakers

A

Devices surgically implanted in patients Chet cavity to stimulate the heart with electronic impulses.

Imitates a heartbeat where the SA node is not working properly

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68
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

Result from atherosclerosis, which is the build up of fatty material or plaques in the arteries of the heart.

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69
Q

Most common type of heart disease

Number one cause of death in the USA

A

Coronary Artery Disease

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70
Q

Risk factors of coronary artery disease

A

Positive family history
Male sex
Abnormal blood lipids
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Physical inactivity
Abdominal obesity
Cigarette smoking
Alcohol
Poor diet

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71
Q

Ways to prevent coronary artery disease

A

Exercise
Healthy diet
Weight loss
Smoking cessation
Medications to treat conditions such as high cholesterol

72
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Result of obstructed blood flow to the heart muscle.

73
Q

Symptoms of myocardial infarction

A

Chest pain at rest with sweating, weakness, anxiety

Lightheaded, short of breath, nauseated

1/3 of patient will not feel chest pain

74
Q

Treatment approach for myocardial infarction

A

-emergent transfer to hospital for assessment and emergent intervention

-assessment with bloodwork and Electrocardiogram (electrical conduction through the heart will change ad the heart muscle die)

75
Q

What can a ECG show during a myocardial infarction

A

Non-ST segment elevation (NSTEMI)

ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)

These results indicate amount of damage the heart as sustained and risk for additional adverse effects.

76
Q

Treatments for patient with STEMI?

A

Percutaneous coronary intervention
Angioplasty
Stenting
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

77
Q

Percutaneous coronary intervention

A

Procedure where catheter is inserted into a large artery then threaded to the heart to examine the coronary artery and discover where blockage is located

78
Q

Interventions during a PCI?

A

Angioplasty
Stenting

79
Q

Angioplasty

A

A balloon is inflated at the site of blockage to compress fatty plaque against the artery wallls

80
Q

Stenting

A

An expandable metal mesh is inserted into the artery to hold the artery open

81
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

Surgical procedure where the veins are removed from the pts legs and then inserted onto the heart to provided a new route for the blood to travel to the heart.

82
Q

Hypertension

A

Elevated blood pressure

Systolic pressure above 140 or diastolic pressure above 90 on two readings or two doctors office visits.

Increases risk of developing heart attack, heart failure, or stroke.

83
Q

Risk factors for hypertension

A

-interactions of the pts genetics with environment

Obesity,sleep apnea,increased salt intake,excessive alcohol use,polycythemia,smoking, NSAID medication, low potassium intake, sedentary lifestyle

84
Q

Treatments for hypertension

A

Weight reduction
Low sodium diet
Exercise
Decrease alcohol intake
Hypertensive medications

85
Q

Heart failure

A

Failure of one or both sides of the heart to pump blood effectively, either to the body tissues or the lung or both

Commonly associated with aging

86
Q

Associations with heart failure

A

Aging (most patients diagnosed over the age of 65)

75% of patients with heart failure are also diagnosed with hypertension

87
Q

Left sided heart failure/ congestive heart failure

A

Heart fails to move blood from lungs to body tissue

88
Q

Symptoms of left sided heart failure

A

Dyspnea and other symptoms with poor cardiac output

89
Q

Explain the causes of left sided heart failure

A

Systolic dysfunction: left ventricle is unable to contract normally

Diastolic dysfunction: left ventricle wall are unable to relax and fill with blood

90
Q

Right sided heart failure

A

Increased pressure from the fluid backup in the lungs increases the amount of pressure in the right side of the heart, ultimately damaging the right side of the heart.

91
Q

Symptoms of right sided heart failure

A

Edema of lower extremities
Liver enlargement
Distended neck veins

92
Q

Symptoms of heart failure

A

Edema of lower limbs
Upright posture/leaning forward
Anxiety
Skin cyanotic
Rapid breathing
Fast heart rate
Persistent cough

93
Q

Ejection fraction

A

Percent of blood pumped out of ventricles with each heartbeat.

Normal: 55-70%
HF: less than 40%
-as ejection fraction reaches less than 35%, pts is at risk for life threatening conditions

94
Q

Treatments of heart failure

A

-diuretics
-medications normally used for hypertension and arrhythmias
-implanted defibrillators
-heart transplantation

95
Q

Peripheral artery disease

A

Atherosclerotic plaque build up in the arteries outside the heart

Can restrict blood flow the various body parts and cause pain and dysfunction

Can occur in the arteries leading to the arms, legs, feet, kidneys, and stomach .

96
Q

Intermittent claudication

A

Where patient experienced pain or cramping in the legs and buttock while walking that resolves with rest.

97
Q

Treatments for peripheral artery disease

A

Exercise
Healthy diet
Smoking cessation
Blood thinning medication
Stenting and angioplasty

98
Q

Valvular disease

A

When the valves of the heart becomes diseased and damaged

99
Q

Most affected valve in valvular disease

A

Aortic valve

100
Q

Common causes of valvular disease

A

Aging
Hypertension
History of rheumatic fever
Infections of the inner lining of the heart
Congenital heart disease

101
Q

Regurgitation

A

When blood leaks back through the valve to the chamber of the heart where it came from.

  • when valve no longer closes completely
102
Q

Stenosis

A

When blood flow is restricted because a valve is stiff and narrow

103
Q

Prolapse

A

A floppy or loose valve

104
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

Stiffening of the aortic valve due to calcium deposits that develop

Pts develop left sided heart failure, dyspnea, and syncope as the valve becomes narrower

105
Q

Treatments of valvular disease

A

Valvuloplasty or valvoplasty
Valvotomy
Valvular replacement surgery

106
Q

Valvular replacement surgery

A

When entire valve is replaced either via a catheter through an artery or through open-heart surgery.

Valve may be replaced with metal valve or a tissue valve.

107
Q

Main organs of the respiratory system (6)?

A

Pharynx
Nose
larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

108
Q

Pulmonologist and pulmonology

A
  • physician that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary disorders

-study of the respiratory system

109
Q

Function of nose in respiratory system?

A

-entry point for air to enter the respiratory system

-air passageway that warms and moistens the air

110
Q

Respiratory structures in nose (5)

A

Central septum
Conchae
Mucous membrane
Nasal mucosa
Nerve receptors

111
Q

Conchae

A

Three Shell-like passageway located in each of the 2 nasal cavities

Covered with a mucous membrane

112
Q

Pharynx

A

Tube starting at the posterior section of the nose and extends to the esophagus.

113
Q

Three parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx: behind the nose
Oropharynx: behind the mouth
Laryngopharynx: behind the larynx

114
Q

Accessory organs of lymphatic system within the pharynx?

A

Tonsils
Adenoids
Palatine and lingual tonsils

115
Q

Location of adenoids and palatine & lingual tonsils?

A

Adenoids: in the Nasopharynx

Palatine and lingual tonsils: Oropharynx

116
Q

Function of tonsils

A

Filters out bacteria and other substances form the lymph fluid located in the head and the neck.

117
Q

Larynx

A

Contains the entrance to the trachea and the esophagus

Called the voice box, contains vocal folds or cords

118
Q

Vocal cords

A

Fold of tissue at the top of the trachea

Vibrates and produces speech as air passes through

119
Q

Epiglottis

A

In the larynx, made out of cartilage

Covers entrance of trachea so food does not enter while swallowing.

120
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe
Carry’s air to and from the lungs

Starts at larynx and extend down to bronchi

121
Q

Function of cartilage in the trachea

A

Hold trachea open for breathing

122
Q

Function of cilia in the trachea

A

Sweep foreign substances up and out the trachea

Cover the surface of the trachea

123
Q

Bronchi

A

Left and right bronchi
Provide passage for air to the right and left lungs

124
Q

What do the bronchi divide into?

A

Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts

125
Q

Alveoli

A

-Tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries.
-Site of gas exhange

126
Q

Pleura

A

Membrane with several layers that function to decrease friction around the lungs

127
Q

Lobes

A

Divisions within the lung
Right lung: 3 lobes
Left lung: 2 lobes

128
Q

Apex and base ?

A

Apex: superior portion of lungs

Base: inferior part of the lungs

129
Q

What is respiration and How is respiration controlled

A

Act of breathing

Controlled by nerve impulses of the pons and medulla oblongata of the brain stem.

130
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscle at the base of the lungs that help draw the air into the lungs and pushes air out of the lungs

131
Q

Movement of diaphragm during inspiration and expiration

A

Inspiration : diaphragm contracts and flattens

Expiration: diaphragm relaxes, rises, and air is pushed out of lungs

132
Q

Respiratory rate

A

Number of breaths taken every minute

133
Q

Respiratory rate by age

A

Newborn: 30-60
1-3: 20-40
3-6: 22-34
6-12: 18-30
13-18: 12-16
Adult: 16-20

134
Q

Asthma

A

Disease where triggers such as duct, infection, pollutants, or certain drugs trigger a spasm in the bronchial tree.

More common in children and affect 10% of population

135
Q

Subtypes of asthma

A

Allergic asthma
Occupational asthma

136
Q

Symptoms of asthma attack

A

Cough
Chest tightness
Shortness of breath

Examination will reveal wheezing and prolonged expiration

137
Q

What happens to the bronchioles during asthma?

A

Swollen and full of excessive amount of mucus

Decreases flow of air to the lungs

138
Q

Spirometry

A

Measures forced expiratory volume of the lungs in 1 second and the forces vital capacity.

Measurement taken before and after treatment with a bronchodilator

139
Q

Bronchiodilator

A

Inhaled medication that dilate the bronchioles to improve the flow of air

140
Q

Inhaled corticosteroids

A

Steroid medications inhaled to control inflammation in the airway.

141
Q

Treatment for asthma

A

Bronchiodilators
Inhaled corticosteroids
Systemic steroids

142
Q

Pneumonia

A

Bacterial infection of the lungs

Can be described by where the infection was obtained

143
Q

Community acquired pneumonia

A

Pneumonia that occurs outside of the hospital

144
Q

Nosocomial

A

Relating to a hospital

145
Q

Two types of nosocomial infections

A

Hospital acquired pneumonia

Ventilator acquired pneumonia

146
Q

Most common bacterial species that causes community pneumonia

A

S pneumoniae

147
Q

Symptoms of pneumonia

A

Fever
Cough
shortness of breath
Sweating
Chills
Chest pain
Myalgia
Headaches
Abdominal pain

148
Q

Physical examination symptoms of pneumonia

A

Fever
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Decrease in oxygen saturations
Decreased breathing sounds over area of infection
Respiratory crackles

149
Q

Respiratory crackles

A

Short sharp or rough breath sounds caused by excessive fluid in the lungs

150
Q

Diagnosis method of pneumonia

A

Chest X-ray

Pneumonia will appear as a cloudy consolidation on the chest x ray

151
Q

Treatment for pneumonia

A

Antibiotics

Thoracentesis

152
Q

Process of thoracentesis

A

Needle is placed in pleural space and fluid is removed

Allows lungs to further expand and allows medical team to perform bacterial culture and sensitivity on the pleural fluid.

153
Q

COPD

A

Preventive lung disease where air flow is limited to the airway and alveoli

Third cause of death worldwide

154
Q

Cause of COPD damage

A

Exposure to cigarette smoke

Commonly develops between the age of 50-60 years old.

155
Q

Symptoms of COPD

A

Excessive cough
Sputum production
Shortness of breath
Cyanosis

156
Q

Two types of COPD

A

Emphysema
Bronchitis

157
Q

Emphysema

A

Type of COPD where the walls of the alveoli becomes distended and damaged

Difficulty exhaling air from lungs

158
Q

Dead space ventilation

A

Where air is trapped in the damaged alveoli and is unable to leave the lungs

159
Q

Breathing technique for patients with emphysema

A

Accessory muscles will be used to help with breathing

160
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchioles

Pts may experience exacerbations of their Dyspnea due to frequent infections

161
Q

Symptoms of bronchitis

A

Chronic coughing with excessive sputum production

Cyanosis
Peripheral edema

162
Q

Lung examination of bronchitis

A

Rhonchi
Wheezing

163
Q

Treatment for COPD

A

Smoking cessation to prevent further damage

Supplemental oxygen
Bronchodilators
Lung transplant ( for severe COPD)

164
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Condition where air collects in the pleural space

165
Q

Four types of pneumothorax and characteristic

A

Spontaneous : no underlying lung disease or trauma

Secondary: there is a underlying lung disease

Traumatic: caused by trauma

Iatrogenic : results from adverse outcome of a procedure

166
Q

Symptoms and examination of pneumothorax

A

Short of breath
Chest pain on the side of the pneumothorax

Chest X-ray will show air in pleural space

167
Q

Treatment for pneumothorax

A

Spontaneous: observation; resolves as air is absorbed from the pleural space

Large pneumothorax: placement of chest tube with a water seal and is attached to suction.

168
Q

How does chest tube work in testing pneumothorax?

A
169
Q

ARDS

A

Respiratory distress after an inciting event.
Epithelial cells of alveoli and the capillaries are damaged and lungs cannot complete gas exchange, leading to hypoxemia and alveolar collapse.

170
Q

Examples of inciting events leading to ARDS

A

Trauma
Burns
Drugs and drug overdose
Near drowning
Sepsis and shock
Severe pneumonia
CABG surgery
Aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs

171
Q

Symptoms of ARDS

A

Severe shortness of breath 12-48 hours after inciting event

Labored breathing
Tachypnea
Crackles
Intercostal retractions

172
Q

Intercostal retractions

A

Accessory muscles of breathing between the ribs will pull in as the patient breathes.

173
Q

Examination of ARDS

A

Chest X-ray will show patchy diffuse infiltrates throughout the lung or complete white out where infiltrates cover the entire lung .

174
Q

Treatment for ARDS

A

Treating inciting event and the respiratory distress

Intubation
Mechanical ventilation
Tracheostomy (if pts fails to Improves )

175
Q

Intubation

A

Procedure where a Endotracheal tube is entered through mouth into the bronchial tree.

Attached to a mechanical ventilator

176
Q

Mechanical ventilator

A

Machines that forces air into the lungs and assists with breathing

177
Q

Tracheostomy

A

Surgical cut into the trachea and placement of the Endotracheal tube directly into the trachea of the neck.

This is a semi-permanent placement of the et tube and an indication that mechanical ventilation is required for a longer period

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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