Module 3 Flashcards by Emily S

CAN FREELY move through membrane

-Hydrophobic molecules
-Small neutral molecules

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CANNOT FREELY move through membrane

-Proteins & Ions
-Polar organic molecules

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4 parts of phospholipid

Head group
Phosphate Group
Glycerol
Fatty Acid Tails

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Phospholipid: head group

Chemical properties determine where phospholipid ends up

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Phospholipid: phosphate group- Hydrophilic OR Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic, Charged

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Phospholipid: Glycerol

3 C chain with 3 OH groups
Acts as BACKBONE

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Phospholipid: Fatty Acid Tail

2 long hydrocarbon chains- vary in composition and bond #/rigidity

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POLAR phospholipid HEAD groups

PI
PG
CL

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CHARGED phospholipid HEAD groups

PS
PE
PC

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T or F. Phospholipids form POLYMERS

False

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4 lipid types in plasma membrane

Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Glycolipid
Sphingomyelin

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Where is Cholesterol found? What group does it have?

Found in ANIMAL tissue
Hydroxyl group <– interact with membrane surface
Rest of cholesterol <– interact with lipid part of membrane

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Where are Glycolipids found? What group does it have?

Found in membranes
Has sugar carbohydrate group

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Glycolipids purpose

Cell-to-cell signalling

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Sphingomyelin structure

similar to phospholipid but has SPHINGOSINE* instead of glycerol

*found around axons of nerve cells

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Phosphlipids form 4 types of phospholipid clusters

Micelles
Liposomes
Monolayers
Bilayers

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Signalling Molecules

Include proteins involved in cell communication

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Integrins

Membrane-bound proteins that facilitate cell adhesion and cytoskeleton movement

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Receptors

Faciliate endo/exocytosis on surfacce of cell for signalling

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Anchors & Junctions

Help cells move and attach to other cells and the extracellular matrix.

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5 types of membrane proteins

Signal molecules
Integrins
Receptors
Channels & Transporers
Anchors & Junctions

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3 types of transport that regulate phospholipid composition/asymmetry

Floppies
Flippase
Scramblase

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Water goes from inside the cell to outside

Hypertonic

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Water goes from outside the cell to inside

Hypotonic

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Flexibility goes UP when temp goes

UP (because motion goes up)

Flexibility goes up when lipid chains are

SHORTER (more motion)

Flexibility goes up if cholesterol concentration goes

DOWN (becomes less rigid)

Flexibility goes up if protein content is ____ rich

LESS (more movement)

Floppases

FLOP OUT keep PC, cholesterol and sphingomyelin in exoplasmic leaf

Flippase

FLIP IN Keep PS, PE, PI abd cytosolic leaflet

Scramblases

SCRAMBLES ASYMMETRY Briefly disrupts membrane asymmetry by RANDOMIZING phospholipids

Def: Channel protein that has a hydroPHILIC interior to allow water to move through plasma membrane

AQUAPORINS

3 types of passive transport

Simple diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis

2 types of facilaited diffusion

Channel (charged) Carrier (non-charged binds and changes shape)

What is active transport

molecules move AGAINST CONC gradient

Direct Active Transport

Na+/K+ Antiporter pump uses ATP DIRECTLY to make gradient

Indirect Active Transport

Na+/glucose sympoter Na+ used to create glucose gradient INSTEAD OF ATP

Active transport: symporters

molecules move in SAME direction

Active Transport: Antiporter

molecules move in OPPOSITE direction

Cellular Metabolism

Sum of all diff reactions taking place in cell

CATAbolism

BREAKDOWN of macromolecules RELEASE atp energy

Hydrolysis

React with water to remove compound

ANAbolism

PRODUCTIon of macromolecules CONSUME atp from catabolism

How is ENERGY stored | other than ATP

carbohydrates fats protein

What are carbohydrates mainly STORED as

glycogen in muscle/liver

What are fats mainly STORED as

Triacylglcerols --> broken down to release FA's --> for energy production

What are proteins mainly STORED as

Skeletal muscle --> used when fasting (break down muscle)

What is catabolism? examples?

RELEASE energy (breakdown) Ex. ATP, A.A

What is Anabolism

Requires energy (production) Ex. proteins, complex sugars

Where can GTP be found

Translation (elongation step)

What is ATP made up of

Adenine molecule, ribose sugar, 3 phosphates

What is NAD+

Converted to higher energy form by adding H+ and 2e- --> NADH

What is FAD

Converted to higher energy form by adding 2H+ and 2e--> FADH2

What energy process happens in the cristae (inner mitochondrial membrane)

Enzymes convert high-energy compounds into ATP

4 stages of aerobic respiration in the MITROCONDRIA

1. pyruvate oxidation 2.krebs cycle 3.electron transport and proton pumping 4. chemiosmotic gradient 5.ATP synthesis

Other than glucose what can metabolize to produce ATP

Fats & proteins

Where does Fat metabolism occur

mitochondria

What energy source does the BRAIN use

Glucose, Ketones

What energy source does the HEART use

FA's, Ketones *must be aerobic

What energy source does the SKELETAL MUSCLE use

Glucose, FA's, Ketones

Protein metabolism

Deamination: Nitrogen (amino group) of A.A is removed (not required for ATP generation)

Muscle Cell Energy NEEDS

LOW: FATS MEDIUM: CARBS/GLYCOGEN HIGH: -MUSCLE GLYCOGEN (anaerobic-> lactate) -CREATINE PHOSPHATE -Proteins (last resort)

What enzyme is used when there is excess ATP

Creatine Kinase

OG fluid mosaic model

Assumed to be homogenous and of even thickness

Revised fluid mosaic model

Membrane constituents (phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins) Hydrophilic groups interact with hydrophobic portions of membrane proteins (membrane proteins, phospholipids, membrane constituents make up lipid raft)

What generates more ATP: NADH OR FADH2

NADH because it enters the ETC first

Module 3 Flashcards

(66 cards)