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module 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic Cellular Functions

A

-Growth
-Repoduction
-Metabolism

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2
Q

Requirements for Cellular Function

A

-Bring in nutrients and expel wastes
-Create cellular energy
-Synthesize new proteins
-Respond to external signals
-Transport materials throughout the cell body

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3
Q

Epithelial Cells

A

-Form protective barriers in tissues and may be specialized to absorb or secrete specific compounds
-Line cavities and surfaces of organs

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4
Q

Muscle Cells

A

-Responsible for movement of skeleton, heart, and many internal organs (stomach)
-Have specialized structures and proteins that allow them to generate motion

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5
Q

Nervous tissue

A

-Conduct electrical signals to carry info
-Differences in ion concentrations across membrane create electrical potential
-composed of nerve cells and glial cells (ex.schwann cells)

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6
Q

Bone Cells

A

-Form bones and skeleton system that give strength and support to the body
-These cells include osteoclast cells that degrade bone and osteoblast cells that create new bone

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7
Q

Secretory Cells

A

-Form glands and, as their name implies, secrete substances (e.g., mucous, hormones, enzymes, etc.)

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8
Q

Adipose Cells

A

-Located throughout the body to store fat
-This fat is in the form of triglycerides which are released when the body is in a period of fasting

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9
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

-Formed primarily in the bone marrow and released into the circulation where they move and deliver oxygen throughout the body
-NO nuclei or mitochondria
-limited lifespans, must continuously be replaced

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10
Q

Cell Junctions

A

-Membrane proteins
-Faciliate cell-to-cell attachments (for communication)

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11
Q

What kind of cells require junction complexes (adhesion proteins)

A

-Endothelial Cells
-Epithelial Cells

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12
Q

Endothelial Cells

A

Line inside of blood vessels

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13
Q

What are the proteins in the junctional complex

A

-tight junctions
-adherens junctions
-desmosomes

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14
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Divide plasma membrane into 2 domains:
* The apical (top) surface of the cell
* The basal (bottom) surface of the cell

Regulate paracellular transport
Phospholipids cant move across it

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15
Q

Adherens Junctions

A

Use transmembrane receptors proteins called cadherins that bind to other cadherins on neighbouring cells

amount of overlap –> proportional to bond strngth
found in neural synapses and cardiac muscles

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16
Q

Desmosomes

A

“Provide structural integrity to cell, ““snap”” cytoskeleton of cell together
In cells that are exposed to physical stress”

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17
Q

What does 1/2 of the desmosome complex consist of?

A

Hemidesmosomes, tether to basement membrane of epithelial cells, attachign them to extracellular matrix ECM

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18
Q

Gap Junctions Structure & Function

A

-Built in 2 halves to connect intercellular gap
-Use channel gating to move ions, sugars, nucleotides and other molecules from one cell to another
-important for cardiac muscle contractions

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19
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Proteins in matrix provide structure and support

Special matrix: basement membrane

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20
Q

Basement Membrane

A

-Matrix found below epithelial cells and outside tissues
-Contains special collagen sheet the provides structure and barrier for epithelial cells

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21
Q

Types of proteins in the ECM

A

-collagen
-gibronectin
-elastin
-laminins
-proteoglycans

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22
Q

Collagen

A

Most common protein in the body
-Main structural protein in the ECM
-Exists as a triple helix –> crosslinks to form fibrils –> form collagen fibers.
-Body makes multiple types of collagen

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23
Q

Fibronectin

A

-Glycoproteins that connect cells to collagen matrices, functioning in cell adhesion
-Expressed as dimers, and bind to integrins
-Interactions with cytoskeleton causes fibronectin dimers to straighten and associate with other fibronectins –> fibrils @ cell surface

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24
Q

Elastin

A

-Responsible for giving elasticity to tissues, allowing them to return to their original shape after being distorted
-Has hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions that return to og shape

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25
Laminins
-Provide adhesive substrate for cells -Strengthens the ECM -Forms triple helical coils -Forms cross-like structure and has multiple binding sites for ECM proteins -Each end of “cross,” forms aconnection with a neighbouring molecule, helps it handle tension in multiple directions
26
Proteoglycans
-Hydrated gel that are resitatnt to compressive forces -Critcal for structure like cartilage in our joints -Consist of a portein polypeptide core and attached sugar residues
27
Types of Tissues of cells
Epithelial Tissues Nervous Tissues Muscle Tissues Connective Tissues
28
Epithelial Tissues
-Anything that needs to enter the body must cross an epithelial cell barrier (protects inside of body from environment) *exhange isnt the same for all epithelial tissues -Epithelial cells and tissue can specialize
29
Epithelial Tissues in Digestive Tract
Specialized for absorption, secretion, and protection -Line entire digestive system, from mouth to anus
30
Epithelial Tissues in Glands
Cells organize to form pocket-like structures which release secretions via ducts 2 types: Exocrine glands & Endocrine glands
31
Exocrine Glands
Release secretions to the outside of the body (ex. sweat glands) *Endocrine glands have no ducts
32
What are the types of specialization of epithelial tissues
In skin In glands In digestive tract
33
Roles of Epithelial Tissues in Digestive Tract
1. Produce & Excrete Proteins (via exocytosis)- proteins form layer of mucus to protect cel from itself and acidic enviroment 2. Form Digestive Glands- (lumen) produce and release both digestive enzyme proteins and hydrochloric acid, which helps to break down food. 3. Facilitated Transportation
34
hemidesomes
Tether to basement membrane attaching them to extracellular matrix ECM 1/2 of desmosomes consist of hemidesomes
35
5 main proteins in matrix
-collagen -fibronectin -elastin -laminins -proteoglycans
36
Muscle Tissues
-convert chemical and electrical signals into mechanical movement -comprised of cells that specialize in contraction -rich in actin-myoson networks
37
Skeletal Muscle
Responsible for moving the skeleton
38
Smooth Muscle
Lines digestive system, larger blood vessels, and anywhere else that requires contractile activity
39
Cardiac Muscle
-Found only in the heart -Pump blood throughout the body
40
Connective Tissues
fill spaces betwen cells (outside cell): provides mechanical strength and cushioning -make up large component of ECM
41
Types of epithelial tissue
-skin -glands -digestive tract
42
types of muscle tissues
-smooth -skeletal -cardiac
43
types of nervous tissue
-nerve cells -glial cells
44
connective tissues examples
-elastin tissue -bone ECM tissue -cell: fibroblast
45
Stomach- Epithelial tissue
-inside of stomach lined with tissue -protect underlying layers from digestive proteisn and acids released by epithelial glands
46
organs
structures where 2+ tissues types perform function together
47
Stomach- Muscle tissue
-under epithelial tissues, outside stomach -contract to mix stomach contens and propel into intestine
48
Stomach- Nervous tissue
-Stomach wall contains nervous tissues -control/coordiante muscle contractions & gland secretion
49
Body systems
2+ organs come together with purpose
50
Stomach- Connective tissue
-hold everything together -provide shape to stomach
51
There are _ body systems total
11
52
Body system- cardiovascular system
Blood: carries nutrients/removes waste Heart: pump Blood Vessels: Transport blood
53
Homeostasis
ability of a cell or organism to regulate and maintain its internal environment, regardless of the influences of the external environment if external environment trys to alter internal enviroment, physiological mechanisms counter these changes
54
Homeostatic control system
Maintaining a set point via... -sensor (detects environmental variable) -integrator (comapres variables value to set point) -effector (if variable is different from set point change is inititaed to restore it)
55
Homeostasis Example: Body Temperature
Sensor: Temperature-monitoring nerve cells always sensing temperature & sending info to thermoregulation centre Integrator: Thermoregulation centre takes info from sensor and compares it to the set point. If sensed temperature is different from set point, thermoregulation centre sends signals to effector Effector: Integrator signals two effectors: blood vessels in the skin to contract, minimizing heat loss, and skeletal muscles to rapidly contract, causing shivering, which generates heat.
56
Intrinsically Controlled System
-Sensor, integrator, and effector of a system are all located WITHIN a tissue -Tissue can regulate its OWN internal environment
57
Extrinsically Controlled System
Regulatory mechanisms are OUTSIDE of the tissue or organ ex. body temperature regulation *majority of homeostatic control systems rely on this system
58
Feedback loop
When an effector is causing a change that is sensed by the sensor, this is called feedback
59
Negative Feedback loop
-Change in environmental parameter causes corresponding effector to initiate response in opposite direction, restoring parameter to its set point -Once set point's achieved, the actions of the effector stop
60
Positive Feedback Loop
-Effector amplify the initial signal -Not homeostatic ex. child breastfeeding stimulates more milk production

PHGY (4 decks)

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