Module 3

Question 1

What does the small ribosomal subunit do?

Answer 1

Reads the RNA

Question 2

What does the large subunit do?

Answer 2

Joins amino amino acids to form polypeptide chain

Question 3

What are Scedbery units used to measure?

Answer 3

Particle sizes based on its rate of travel in a tube

Question 4

Is 70 s procaryotic or eucaryotic ribosome and what are the subnits?

Answer 4

procaryotic, 50s and 30s

Question 5

Is 80 s procaryotic or eucaryotic ribosome and what are the subnits?

Answer 5

Eucaryotic, 60s and 40s

Question 6

What is the function of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase?

Answer 6

Attaches amino acids to tRNA using ATP

Question 7

What are the RNA translation steps?

Answer 7

Small ribosomal unit attaches to 5 prime end of mRNA, finds start codon, large ribosome unit attaches, tRNA with matching anti-codon attaches and another, amino acids at end of tRNA joining and first one drops off and another joins continues until stop codon.

Question 8

What is a proteosome?

Answer 8

Responsible for proteolysis of proteins that have been tagged by poly-ubiquitin

Question 9

What is E1?

Answer 9

Activating enzymes

Question 10

What is E2?

Answer 10

Conjugating enzymes

Question 11

What is E3?

Answer 11

Ligating enzymes

Question 12

How do we investigate organelles?

Answer 12

Microscopy, affinity isolation, differential centrifugation

Question 13

Where do we get our mitochondria DNA from?

Answer 13

Mother - oocyte

Question 14

Where does the males mitochondrial go?

Answer 14

Spermatogonia is labelled by ubiquitin and is eliminated before being ejaculated

Question 15

What is complex l in mitochondrial respiratory chain?

Answer 15

Receives electrons from NADH

Question 16

What is complex ll in mitochondrial respiratory chain?

Answer 16

Transfers electron into mobile liquid carrier in inner membrane

Question 17

What is complex lll in mitochondrial respiratory chain?

Answer 17

Transfers electron by cytochrome c

Question 18

What is complex lV in mitochondrial respiratory chain?

Answer 18

Uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor

Question 19

What is complex V in mitochondrial respiratory chain?

Answer 19

Uses energy from electron transfer to pump hydrogen molecules into the inter-membrane space, creating electrochemical proton gradient - ATP is generated

Question 20

What mediates mitochondrial fusion?

Answer 20

Opa1

Question 21

What mediates mitochondrial fission?

Answer 21

Drp1

Question 22

How is Protein - folding stress at ER buffered?

Answer 22

Unfolded protein response

Question 23

What is the role of ER-mitochondria junction?

Answer 23

Lipid synthesis, Ca2+ signalling and intracellular trafficking

Question 24

What is autophagy?

Answer 24

Self eating

Question 25

When is autophagy used?

Answer 25

Recycling to compensate for nutrient deprivation as well as selectively eliminates organelles for numbers control

Question 26

What is mitophagy?

Answer 26

Specific autophagy of mitochondria

Question 27

How does mitophgy work?

Answer 27

A damaged mitochondria is marked and a phagosome will consume it

Question 28

What is macro vs micro autophagy?

Answer 28

Macro consumering whole organelles while micro is specific proteins (chaperone mediated)

Question 29

What is Warburg effect?

Answer 29

Cancer cells - high rate of glycolysis and lactic acid formation rather then low rate of glycolysis.

Question 30

how do we prevent mitochondrial disease?

Answer 30

Remove nucleus of mothers egg and place it into healthy donor egg

Question 31

What are side effects of mitochondria disease?

Answer 31

Por growth, loss of muscle coordination, developmental delays, diabetes

Question 32

What three components make op the cytoskeleton?

Answer 32

Microtubule, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

Question 33

What is cytokinesis and what is it made of?

Answer 33

The contractile ring to spile a cell into two and its amke of actin and myosin

Question 34

How are microtubule made?

Answer 34

Heterodimers into short protofilaments into microtubule

Question 35

How are microfliaments made?

Answer 35

Small soluble subunits into microfilaments

Question 36

What nucleates actin filament branches?

Answer 36

ARP2/3

Question 37

What regulates the actin polymerization rate and how?

Answer 37

Profilin and Thymosin - bind to actin monomer and bring to to polymer

Question 38

What stops actin from continuing growth?

Answer 38

Capping proteins

Question 39

What cuts microfilaments?

Answer 39

GELSOLIN

Question 40

How is actin anchored to the membrane?

Answer 40

ERM protein is phosphorylated, binds to CD44 and actin

Question 41

What are intermediate filaments used for?

Answer 41

Mechanical strength (keratin), made from alpha-helical rods, no polarity