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psych > Module 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Module 3 and 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do all perceptions begin with?

A

a stimulus

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2
Q

What is the direct effect of stimulation of receptor cells (in NS) by a stimulus?

A

sensation

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3
Q

What is the mental organization and interpretation of sensory experience referred to as?

A

perception

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4
Q

What are our sense receptors?

A

transducer - mechanism that converts energy from one form to another.

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5
Q

When does our perception of various sensory inputs occur?

A

when the strength of a stimulus reaches a minimal or threshold level

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6
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

study of the relationship between the physical attributes of stimuli and the psychological experiences they produce.

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7
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

psychologists use it which is operationally defined as the physical intensity of a stimulus that one can detect 50% of the time

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8
Q

What is the difference threshold?

A

smallest difference between stimulus attributes that can be detected.

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9
Q

What is the human electromagnetic spectrum range?

A

400 to 750 nanometers

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10
Q

What are the properties of light?

A

brightness - intensity
hue - color we perceive (500nm - blue)
saturation - how colorful it appears, how much white is present, whiter means less saturation

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11
Q

What do rods and cones (neurons) let us see?

A

rods - dim, most of them
cones perception of color

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12
Q

What area has the most dense concentration of cones in retina?

A

fovea

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13
Q

What part of the retina has no photoreceptors?

A

blind spot, where optic nerve leaves

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14
Q

What are the 2 major theories of color vision?

A

trichromatic - red, green, and blue can create all other colors
opponent-process theory - 3 pairs created all other colors and one of each pair works in opposition to other, black/white, red/green, blue/yellow (this is why we never see greenish red and bluish yellow)

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15
Q

What is the outer ear made up of?

A

pinna - ear lobe
auditory canal - shaft into the middle ear.

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16
Q

What is the middle ear made up of?

A

tympanic membrane - ear drum which vibrates
ossicles - transfers the vibrations down the hammer, anvil and stirrup to inner ear

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17
Q

What is in the inner ear?

A

vibrations enter inner ear through oval window and sends into the fluid filled cochlea where sound waves become neural impulses

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18
Q

What are the 2 major theories of how we can distinguish between different pitches?

A

place theory - sound waves of different frequency displace different regions on the basilar membrane (between tympanic canal and cochlear duct
frequency theory - perception of tones depends on the frequency with which the hair cells trigger firing of fibers in the auditory nerve

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19
Q

What is spatial hearing?

A

human ability to locate sound in space to determine whether it is in front or behind us.

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20
Q

What is spatial hearing based on?

A

time differences - relies on the fact that a sound source on the left will generate sound that will reach the left ear slightly before it reaches the right ear.
interaural level difference - ability to differentiate the sounds frequency

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21
Q

Where are receptors of taste?

A

bumps on tongue - papillae

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22
Q

Where are receptor cells for smell?

A

olfactory mucosa - membrane that lines the nasal cavity

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23
Q

What system is touch and pain aspects of and what is the process called?

A

somatosensory system
interoception

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24
Q

What is our sense of the properties of the immediate external world?

A

exteroception

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25
The information somatosensory receptors send to the CNS is generally divided into what 4 modalities?
cutaneous senses - skin proprioception - body position kinesthesis - body movement noiception - pain, discomfort
26
True/False: Our brain can "stop" pain if needed.
True
27
What does the vestibular system function to detect?
head motion and position relative to gravity to maintain balance
28
What is the vestibular system primarily involved in?
fine control of visual gaze, posture, orthostasis (equilibrium during positional changes), spatial orientation, and navigation
29
What is kinesthetic sense?
tells us the position of parts of our bodies and what our muscles and joints are doing
30
What are the 5 vestibular receptors in each ear?
3 semicircular canals - respond to head motion and maintain static head position (horizontal, anterior, and posterior) semicircular canal receptor cells - hair cells vestibular efferents - fibers projecting from the brain out to the vestibular receptor organs
31
What are the 3 types of cells in the limbic system?
place cells - in hippocampus that encode specific locations in the environment grid cells - entorhinal cortex encode spatial maps in tessellated pattern head direction cells - anterior-dorsal thalamus encode heading direction independent of spatial location
32
What is procedural learning?
when aspects of our perception changes as a function of experience; accommodate new info., lead to procedural knowledge/skills
33
What is implicit learning?
acquisition of info. without the intent that we cannot easily express; leads to implicit memories
34
What does implicit learning lead to?
implicit memories - long-term that do not require conscious though to encode EX. ability to write forward and backwards with 2 different hands
35
What is non-associative learning?
occurs when a single repeated exposure leads to a change in behavior. when our response decreases with repeated exposure this results in habituation, when response returns or increases it results in sensitization (odor of friend's apartment)
36
What are the 3 principle learning processes?
metacognition transfer-appropriate processing forgetting
37
What is metacognition?
ability to monitor, control and evaluate our learning and memory, knowing what we know and don't know. developmental process
38
What is transfer-appropriate processing?
memory performance is superior when a test taps the same cognitive processes as the original encoding activity. (why students sit in same seats in class on exam day)
39
What is working memory?
short-term, holding info briefly while working with it
40
What is episodic memory?
remembering salient events of one's life
41
What is semantic memory?
generla knowlege of world facts; words, concepts, numbers
42
What explains how raw info. enters the memory system, perceived and recalled successfully when needed?
information processing model (IPM)
43
What three processes are involved in remembering episodes?
encoding - perceiving and relating it to past knowledge storing retrieving
44
What happens if there is a failure in the 3 processes of remembering?
forgetting or false memories
45
What are some ways to improve memory?
rehearsal, elaboration, visualization, associations, mnemonics, teaching, testing yourself
46
What is classical conditioning?
learning that takes place when a neutral stimulus (CS) is paired with a stimulus (UCS) that already produces a responses (UCR). BEFORE CONDITIONING: food-->salivation, whistle-->no salivation DURING CONDITIONING: whistle + food-->salivation AFTER CONDITIONING: whistle-->salivation
47
What is the stage or period during which an organism learns to associate the neutral stimulus with the stimulus?
acquisition
48
What is extinction?
process by which the conditions response is eliminated through repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
49
What is operant conditioning?
procedure that changes the rate of a response on the basis of the consequences that result from the response. conditioning is called operant because it requires the organism to "operate" on environment to get reward
50
What is the law of effect?
behavior is strengthened if followed by positive consequence and weakened if followed by negative consequence
51
What is the process that increases the rate, or probability of the response that follows?
reinforcement positive - adding stimulus - cookie for good negative - removing stimulus - manager stops nagging
52
What is a stimulus that decreases the rate of a response that follows?
punishment positive - adding - grounding teen for missing curfew negative - removing stimulus - dog doesn't get petted when it jumps
53
How is a larger percentage of our knowledge, skills, and attitudes acquired?
observational learning - learning by watching the behavior of others
54
What is the key component of Bandura's social learning theory?
observational learning
55
What does Bandura's social learning theory state?
that people learn new responses and behaviors by observing the behavior of salient others (social models - higher status or authority than learner)
56
What does the cognitive domain consist of?
learning declarative knowledge, facts, concepts, and theories
57
What does the psychomotor domain consist of?
physical skills, such as fine and groww motor movements, procedures, and protocols
58
What is the affective domain comprised of?
attitudes, values, beliefs, intentions, motivations, and emotions.
59
Normal forgetting can occur dues to what 3 things?
decay of memory trace interfering material breakdown in retrieval process emotional and motivational conditions organic factors
60
What memories tend to decay with age?
declarative memories
61
What memories do NOT decay with age?
procedural memory
62
What happens in decay of memory trace?
over time, memories fade or deteriorate, usually short term, long term is more permanent
63
What are the 2 types of interfering material?
retroactive - backwards, later event interferes with learning prior event proactive - forward, previous event interferes with learning of later event
64
What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?
retrieval failure, need retrieval cue
65
What is motivated forgetting?
we forget long term memories because we do not want to remember them, purposely suppress certain memories
66
What is an organic factor?
biological pathology or illness accidents causing organic amnesia
67
What are the 3 types of amnesia?
disease/trauma retrograde - loss of memory prior to event or accident anterograde - one can recall old memories but cannot process info after damage

psych (4 decks)

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