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psych > Module 5 & 6 > Flashcards

Module 5 & 6 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three major tenets of human development?

A

continuity vs. discontinuity
nature vs. nurture
active vs. passive child

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2
Q

Describe continuity vs. discontinuity.

A

whether development is fluid and gradual (continuous) or it occurs in stages (discontinuous)

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3
Q

Describe nature vs. nurture.

A

whether development is influenced more by our innate biology and genetics (nature) or it is influenced primarily by our experiences (nurture)

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4
Q

Describe active vs passive child.

A

whether individuals influence their own development through behavior (active) or whether individuals are at the mercy of their environment (passive)

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5
Q

What were Piaget’s themes on development from observing children systematically?

A

schemes
equilibration
stance on 3 tenets

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6
Q

What is the Piaget’s scheme theme on development?

A

while growing our brains form mental structures called schemes to make sense of the world. cognitive maps that organize info.

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7
Q

What 2 ways did Piaget think we modify and adapt our schemes to account for new experiences?

A

assimilation - how we interrupt new info in accordance w/existing knowledge
accommodation - how we adjust or restructure our schemas so that new info can fit in better

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8
Q

What is Piaget’s equilibration theme on development?

A

accommodation and assimilation are usually in equilibrium, when disequilibrium occurs Piaget suggests we reorganize our schemes to reestablish balance (equilibration)

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9
Q

What is Piaget’s stance on the 3 tenets?

A

cognitive development is discontinuous, due more to nurture, and active participants

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10
Q

What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

A

sensorimotor - 0-2 yrs - senses and action
preoperational - 2-7 yrs - language and mental images
concrete operational - 7-12 yrs - logical thinking and categories
formal operational - 12 yrs on - hypothetical thinking & scientific reasoning

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11
Q

What is the test for sensorimotor?

A

object permanence - objects still exist even if you can’t see it

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12
Q

What is the test for preoperational?

A

symbolism - represent real world items and ideas with objects, drawings, and words, object representation

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13
Q

What is the test for concrete operations?

A

conservation - changing somethings form doesn’t always change its character

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14
Q

What is the difference between early and late formal thought?

A

early - produce unconstrained thought, unlimited possibilities, idealism dominates, assimilation
late - test reasoning against experience, accommodation

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15
Q

What was Vygotsky known for creating?

A

cultural-historical activity theory - psychological development framework

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16
Q

What are the key features of Vygotsky’s theory?

A

social origin of the mind, importance of mediation, and importance of play

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17
Q

What is Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

A

range of tasks too difficult fore children to master alone but can be mastered w/guidance of adults of higher skilled children. measure of learning potential

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18
Q

What are the 2 levels of ZPD?

A

lower limit - level of problem solving when child works independently
upper limit - level of additional responsibility child can accept with help of able instructor

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19
Q

What are Vygotsky’s 3 important aspects of development?

A

social influences facilitate development
role of instruction (language development)
across lifespan, move toward less instructor direction

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20
Q

What is Vygotsky’s stance on 3 tenets?

A

cognitive development is continuous, due more to nurture and active participants

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21
Q

What are the primary sex characteristics for females and males?

Study These Flashcards
A

eggs - first menstrual cycle is menarche
sperm - first ejaculation is spermarche

22
Q

What causes secondary sex characteristics?

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A

hypothalamus allows level of hormones in body to rise, rise in LH-RH and FSH-RF
These trigger pituitary gland which secretes many hormones.
testosterone - boys
estrogen female

23
Q

What are the cognitive changes in adolescents?

Study These Flashcards
A

shift from concrete to more abstract and complex thinking which improves attention, memory, processing speed, and metacognition
early in adolescence - dopaminergic system changes leading to increased sensation-seeking and reward motivation
later - prefrontal cortex develops increasing self-regulation and future orientation

24
Q

What are the social changes in adolescence?

Study These Flashcards
A

peers are more important than parents but family relationships remain important, teen strive for more autonomy,
romantic relationships

25
What are the programmed aging theories?
longevity endocrine theory immunological theory
26
What is longevity?
aging is the result of sequential switching on and off of certain genes; evidence-based as many of us age similarly to a parent or grandparent
27
What is endocrine theory?
page of aging is regulated by hormones, which act as biological clocks, primary hormones decrease as we age evidence includes gray hair, loss of muscle strength/mass
28
What is immunological theory?
immune system declines over time leading to an increased vulnerability to infectious disease, aging, and death immune system effectiveness peaks at puberty and gradually declines after
29
What are the damage or error theories related to aging?
wear and tear rate of living cross-linking free radical somatic DNA damage
30
What is the wear and tear theory?
cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out resulting in aging
31
What is the rate of living theory?
greater organisms rate of oxygen basal metabolism, shorter the life span; free radical theory
32
What is cross-linking theory?
accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues, slowing down bodily processes resulting in aging
33
What is free radical theory?
aging is cumulative result of oxidative damage to the cells and tissues of the body that arises primarily as a result of aerobic metabolism
34
What is somatic DNA damage theory?
DNA damage occurs continuously, and most are repaired, but some accumulate, because DNA polymerases and other repair mechanisms cannot correct defects as fast as they are produced
35
What is abnormal aging?
most prominent indicators are difficulty in areas governed by the prefrontal cortex difficulty w/everyday tasks repetition or perseveration (continuation or recurrence of experience without appropriate stimulus) communication problems, disorientation, judgement problems, slower/abnormal gate
36
What are some examples of normal aging?
trouble recalling name misplacing items walking into room and forgetting why taking longer to multitask difficulty paying attention due to natural hippocampus atrophy over time
37
What neural system is responsible for desire: award seeking and what NT is responsible for it?
hypothalamus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and left frontal cortex dopamine
38
What neural system is responsible for liking: award enjoyment and what NT is responsible for it?
nucleus accumbens on posterior half of ventral pallidum; orbitofrontal cortex sensitive to opioids
39
What neural system is responsible for fear: freezing and fleeing and what NT is responsible for it?
from amygdala to periaqueductal gray in midbrain sensitive to glutamate and cholescystokinin
40
What neural system is responsible for rage: anger and attack and what NT is responsible for it?
from medial amygdala to hippocampus to periaqueductal gray in midbrain activated by substance P, testosterone, and arginine-vasopressin
41
What neural system is responsible for love: care and attachment and what NT is responsible for it?
from preoptic areas to stria terminalis nucleus activated by oxytocin, arginine-vasopressin, and endogenous opioids
42
What neural system is responsible for grief: loneliness and panic seeking?
from midbrain periaqueductal gray to dorsomedial thalamus, ventral septum, and dorsal preoptic region
43
What are Ekman's 6 basic emotions and when are they shown?
anger - when a goal is blocked fear - when faced with threats or danger disgust - response to toxic or spoiled substances/stimuli surprise - reaction to unexpected stimuli activates attention and curiosity happiness - indicates all is well, pleasant mental state sadness - response to losing something valuable, motivates to seek help/comfort
44
What are the eight primary emotions according to Plutchik?
acceptance (trust) anger anticipation (interest) disgust joy fear sadness surprise intensity varies based on degree of arousale/stimulus
45
What are the complex or secondary emotions?
embarrassment, disappointment, ambivalence basic emotions are foundation and we rarely experience basic/secondary in isolation
46
What are the functions of emotions?
protection destruction incorporation rejection reproduction reintegration exploration orientation
47
What are each of the functions of emotions activated by?
protection - fear and terror destruction - anger and rage incorporation - acceptance rejection - disgust reproduction - joy and pleasure reintegration - sadness and grief exploration - curiosity and play orientation - surprise
48
What 3 areas of our life do emotions play a critical communicative role?
intrapersonal - within individuals interpersonal - across individuals sociocultural - within and across social groups and cultures
49
What are the properties of drive states?
homeostasis narrowing - tunnel vision, less altruistic and more selfish
50
What do drive states motivate us to do?
self-preserve; beneficial actions rest fulfill evolutionary functions - reproduce pay attention to endogenous and exogenous triggers - thirst vs. fear
51
How do motivation and drives generate motivation for self-preservation and learning?
awareness/education --> intent/motivation --> behavioral change PCP recommends we stop smoking because of lung sounds and provides research-based material on health risks --> motivation focuses our attention on desired outcome and helps us persevere despite set-backs/barriers
52
Do internal or external motivation lead to more behavior change?
internal - personal values etc.

psych (4 decks)

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