module 3: genetic

Question 1

what is the genome

Answer 1

the entire set of genes within a organism

Question 2

what is ploidy

Answer 2

The ploidy is the number of copies of the gene

Question 3

what does n represent

Answer 3

the number of copies of the genome

Question 4

what is haploid

Answer 4

n, one copy

Question 5

what is dipliod

Answer 5

2n, 2 copies

Question 6

what is triploid

Answer 6

3n, 3 copies

Question 7

what is a chromosome

Answer 7

a structure that is comprised of proteins that is amde up of highly packaged DNA or RNA, that is wrapped around histones

Question 8

where is the telomere, short arm, long arm and centromere and sister chromatids

Answer 8

Question 9

where is the centromere

Answer 9

in the middle of the chromosome

Question 10

what is the function of the telemeres

Answer 10

what is the function of the telemeremaintain the integrity of the chromosomes because it is difficult to replicate the end of a chromosome, therefore telomers make sure the chromosomes do not get shorter and shorter
- located at the ends of the chromosomes

Question 11

can genetic information consists outside of the cell

Answer 11

yes in some organelles like the chloroplasts and mitochondria carry genetic information

Question 12

what is a gene

Answer 12

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for the production of a specific protein or RNA molecule.

Question 13

what is a mutation

Answer 13

A mutation when there is an error when DNA replication is occurring

Question 14

where are the 3 checkpoints within the cell cycle

Answer 14

G1
G2
metaphase

Question 15

what does the g1 checkpoint check

Answer 15

check to make sure the cell has grown enough, and makes sure the DNA is not damaged

Question 16

what does the g2 checkpoint check

Answer 16

checks DNA has replicated properly and the cell size is of appropriate size

Question 17

what does the metaphase checkpoint check

Answer 17

make sures the chromosomes are loaded onto the spindle fibres

Question 18

what are the steps for meiosis

Answer 18

Question 19

what are the stages of meiosis

Answer 19

Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of DNA in a process called crossing-over. This creates genetic diversity in the gametes.
Metaphase I: Homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the equator of the cell and spindle fibers attach to each chromosome.
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase I and cytokinesis: The cell divides into two daughter cells, each with one set of chromosomes (haploid).
Prophase II: The chromosomes condense again and a new spindle apparatus forms in each daughter cell.
Metaphase II: Chromosomes align along the equator of each daughter cell and spindle fibers attach to each chromosome.
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase II and cytokinesis: The cell divides again, resulting in four haploid daughter cells, each containing a single set of chromosomes.

Question 20

what is an error in cell division called

Answer 20

aneupliody - where the number of chromosomes does not equal 46

Question 21

what is a locus

Answer 21

the orientation of a gene on a chromosome

Question 22

what are some factors that determine sex

Answer 22

environment
genetic

Question 23

what is a genotype

Answer 23

describes the genetic constitution of an organism

Question 24

what is a phenotype

Answer 24

describes the morphological, molecular and or behavioural properties of an organism resulting from a specific genotype and its interaction with the enviroment

Question 25

what are mendel's 3 laws for genetics

Answer 25

1.The Law of Segregation 2. The Law of Segregation 3. The Law of Dominance

Question 26

what does The Law of Segregation state

Answer 26

Each individual has two copies of each gene, which segregate during gamete formation such that each gamete contains only one copy of each gene

Question 27

what does the The Law of Segregation state

Answer 27

Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other, meaning that the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another.

Question 28

what does the third law: law of dominance state

Answer 28

In a heterozygous individual (having two different alleles for a gene), the dominant allele is expressed, while the recessive allele is masked and does not produce a visible effect.

Question 29

what is the formular for map distance

Answer 29

Question 30

what is map distance

Answer 30

Map distance is the measure of the relative distance between two genes or genetic markers on a chromosome, which is determined by the frequency of recombination events between them during meiosis.

Question 31

what is a dihybrid cross

Answer 31

A dihybrid cross is a genetic cross between two individuals that are both heterozygous for two different genes, resulting in the inheritance of two different traits.

Question 32

what is an allele

Answer 32

Variants of genes that arise by mutation

Question 33

what is incomplete dominace

Answer 33

Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance pattern in which the phenotype of the heterozygous individual is an intermediate blend of the two homozygous parents, rather than one being completely dominant over the other. - for example a red and white flower producing a pink flower

Question 34

traits controlled by one gene are called

Answer 34

monogenic traits

Question 35

traits that are controlled by multiple genes are called

Answer 35

polygenic traits

Question 36

what do genes code for

Answer 36

proteins

Question 37

what is the negative control for gene expression

Answer 37

Negative control, results in a decrease or turning off gene transcription

Question 38

what is the positive control for gene expression

Answer 38

Positive control, results in the increase or turning on gene transcription

Question 39

what is Constitutive gene expression

Answer 39

gene expression that is expressed under all conditions

Question 40

what is regulated gene expression

Answer 40

Expressed only under certain conditions, most genes are required under certain conditions

Question 41

what happens when there there is a low concentration of lactose

Answer 41

· Lactose is absent · Lacl is expressed · Lacl binds to lacO · Lacl-lacO complex blocks RNA polymerase from binding No expression from the lacZ, lacY and lacA genes

Question 42

what happens when there is a high concentration of lactose

Answer 42

· Lactose is present · Lacl is expressed · Lactose (allolactose) binds to the lacl · Lacl-allolactose complex is unable to bind to lacO · RNA polymerase binds to lac promotor Therefore RNA polymerase is able to transcribe the gene

Question 43

what is disjunction

Answer 43

Disjunction normally occurs during the anaphase of mitosis and meiosis (I and II). During the anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell - results in 2 sister chromatids in the same side of the cell=double chromosome

Question 44

what is a hox gene

Answer 44

genes conserved from insects to animals