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Biology: lifes machinary > module 5: systems of life > Flashcards

module 5: systems of life Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 features of exchange surfaces

A
  1. large SA:V ratio
  2. thin barrier
  3. concentration gradients
  4. selectively permeable
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2
Q

how do you maximise gas exchange

A

-large SA:V ratio
-maximise the particle pressure

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3
Q

what is the equation for partial pressure

A

P(total)=Pressure(a)+pressure(b)+pressure(c)…..

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4
Q

what enviroment is harder for gas exchange

A

water because it is more denser and harder to move around in, therefore it is harder for gas exchange

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5
Q

how do plants undergo gas exchange

A

through photosynthesis and cellular respiration

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6
Q

how do insects undergo gas exchange

A

-they have gates that can be closes
- when they are open they allow for gas exchange
- when they are closed they prevent gas exchange

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7
Q

how do crustaceans undergo gas exchange

A

crabs have internal gills
-this is an open system

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8
Q

how do fish undergo gas exchange

A

-have internal gills
- this is a closed system
- they are controlled by the opening and closing of their mouth

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9
Q

is blue blood oxygenated

A

no

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10
Q

is red blood oxygenated

A

yes

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11
Q

what do alveoli do

A

they fill up with air

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12
Q

what causes the alveoli not to collapse

A

due to the lightless of the lung tissue

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13
Q

what happens to CO2 and O2 in the alveoli

A
  • O2 is diffused out into the capillaries
  • co2 is diffuses into the aveolius
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14
Q

why is BPG bad

A

it binds to hemoglobin instead of oxygen, changes the shape of haemoglobin

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15
Q

what are the factors that can influence hemoglobin dissociation

A
  • high co2
    increased acidity
  • bpg
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16
Q

what is the haldane effect

A
  • CO2 binds to haemoglobin
    -haemoglobin not carries o2 has a higher affinity for CO2
  • the haldane effect facilitates the removal for CO2 at tissues with low partial pressure of o2
17
Q

what molecule do muscles to have to store oxygen

A

myoglobin

18
Q

what is myoglobin

A
  • a protein that increases oxygens affinity
  • binds to oxygen at low partial pressure
  • used when we exercise
19
Q

how are marine animals able to hold their air for so long

A

increased myoglobin and haemaglobin
- reduce their heart rate
reduce blood flow to their organs

20
Q

how does COVID 19 affect the lungs

A
  • Virus enters lungs
  • Virus binds to alveolar wall cells and injects its RNA
  • Infected cell produce many copies of the virus
    -Alveolar cell destroyed virus particles released and infect neighbouring cells
21
Q

what does the modella do

A
  • it is apart if the brian that detects changes in the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 and pH in the cellubrial fluid
22
Q

what is a chemoreceptors

A

chemical receptor that is sent to the breathing control center (modulla)

23
Q

where are these chemoreceptos found in the lungs

A

-aorta
-modulla
-carotic bodies

24
Q

what is the importance for sexual reproduction

A

produced offspring that are genetically different to their parents and increases the populaton of a species

25
Q

why is reproduction expensive

A
  • competition for mates and males
    production of gametes
    production of pheromones
26
Q

what protein establishes maleness

A

-SRY protein

27
Q

the absence of SRY

A

is female

28
Q

what are the 3 major sex hormones that are produced by the gonads

A

-Oestrogen
-Androgens
-Progesterone

29
Q

what secondary sex characteristics of testosterone

A

deeper voice
adams apple
public hair
increases sex drive
muscle growth

30
Q

what are the secondary sex characteristics for oestrogen

A

-breast development
public hair increases sex drive

31
Q

what is Oogenesis

A

Oogenesis is the process by which female germ cells develop into mature eggs

32
Q

what are the steps of Oogenesis

A

Proliferation
Primary oocyte formation:
Growth and maturation of the primary follicle:
Secondary oocyte formation:
Completion of meiosis II

33
Q

what happens at Proliferation

A

Oogonia undergo mitosis to increase in number during fetal development.

34
Q

what happens at Primary oocyte formation:

A

Some oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes, which become surrounded by follicular cells to form primordial follicles.

35
Q

what happens at Growth and maturation of the primary follicle

A

The primary oocyte and follicular cells grow, and the follicle becomes a primary follicle. The primary oocyte undergoes DNA replication but remains arrested in meiosis I.

36
Q

what happens at Secondary oocyte formation

A

At puberty, some primary follicles mature, and the primary oocyte completes meiosis I, producing a secondary oocyte and a polar body

37
Q

what happens at Completion of meiosis II

A

If the secondary oocyte is fertilized by a sperm cell, it completes meiosis II, producing a mature ovum and another polar body. The ovum and sperm fuse to form a zygote

Biology: lifes machinary (7 decks)

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