Module 3: Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
list the functions of the male genitalia
A
- produce sperm
- produce androgens
- transport sperm from the site of production to the vagina of a female
- eliminate urine
- provide sexual pleasure
2
Q
what is the analogous tissue of testicles
A
ovaries
3
Q
what structure produces sperm
A
testicles
4
Q
what androgen is created by the testicles
A
testosterone
5
Q
list the components of the external male genitalia
A
- penis
- scrotum
6
Q
list the components of the external penis
A
- glans penis
- corona
- frenulum
- shaft
7
Q
what tissue is the penis made of
A
erectile tissue
8
Q
describe the glans penis
A
- head of the penis
- distal portion of the penis
- covered by foreskin in uncircumcised males
- made of erectile tissue
- richly innervated
9
Q
what is the analogous structure to the glans penis
A
clitoris
10
Q
what does corona mean
A
crown/ring
11
Q
describe the corona
A
- band of tissue where the shaft of the penis meets the head of the penis
- surrounds the circumference of the head of the penis
12
Q
describe the frenulum
A
- on the backside/underside of the penis
- connects the glans penis/head of the penis to the shaft of the penis and runs down to the scrotum
- helps pull the foreskin over the glans of the penis
13
Q
describe the scrotum
A
sac that suspends/holds the testicles
14
Q
describe why testicles are suspended outside the body in the scrotum
A
testicles need to be 1-2 degrees cooler than the rest of the body to produce sperm
15
Q
describe what the scrotum does when it is hot or cold outside
A
- draw up towards the body when it is cold
- suspend down away from the body when it is hot
16
Q
define testicular torsion
A
one testicle twisting around itself inside of the scrotum
17
Q
what is the average length of the penis erect in the US
A
5.16 inches
18
Q
what is the average girth/circumference of the penis in the US
A
4.5 inches
19
Q
which testicles is said to hang lower
A
the opposite testicle of the dominant hand hangs lower
20
Q
what percent of male babies are circumcised before they leave the hospital
A
80%
21
Q
define circumcision
A
removal of foreskin
22
Q
describe how circumcision is performed
A
- protective metal device is placed under foreskin around the head of the penis
- the foreskin is draw back and a cut is made parallel to the penis
- the foreskin is cut around the circumference of the head of the penis until fully removed
23
Q
list medical benefits of circumcision
A
lower risk of UTI, penile cancer, and STIs (especially HIV)
24
Q
describe why circumcision can protect against infection
A
- the foreskin can hold pathogens against the head of the penis
- removal of the foreskin can made the head of the penis easier to clean
25
what often causes penile cancer
HPV
26
list the risks of circumcision
- pain
- bleeding
- infection
27
what happens to the risks of circumcision as you age
risks increase with age
28
what does the American Academy of Pediatrics say about circumcision
- benefits outweigh the risks
- benefits not great enough to recommend universal circumcision
29
what impacts the decision to circumcise your child
- culture
- religion
- personal preference
30
list the components of male internal genitalia
- testes
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- cowper's/bulbourethral glands
31
what is the average size of one testi
2 in x 1 in
32
what is the analogous structures of the testes
ovaries
33
what are the main functions of the testes
- produce male sex hormone (testosterone)
- produce sperm
34
define seminiferous tubules
- structures inside of the testicle
- produce sperm
35
what is the length of seminiferous tubules inside 1 testicle unravled
28 inches
36
where is the epididymis located
on the backside (posterior) of the testicle
37
define epididymis
- consists of tubing that holds sperm after it's production
- site of sperm maturation
38
what is the length of the tubing in 1 epididymis unraveled
20 feet
39
how long are sperm stored in the epididymis
2-6 days
40
what happens to sperm in the epididymis if ejaculation does not occur
they die and are reabsorbed into the body
41
define the vans deferens
connects the epididymis to the prostate
42
define a vastectomy
- permanent sterilization for men
- tying of the vans deferens
43
how long is the vas deferens
14-16 inches
44
what is the analogous structure of the vas deferens
fallopian tubes
45
what is the purpose of cilia in the vas deferens
move sperm towards the prostate
46
define seminal vesicles
- before the prostate gland
- 2 small sacs on each side that secrete fructose for semen
47
what is the purpose of fructose in sperm
gives sperm nutrients
48
what is the majority of semen made of
fructose
49
what is the purpose of the liquid component of semen
- fructose is nutrients for sperm
- helps sperm motility
50
describe the size of the prostate gland
size of a chestnut
51
where is the prostate located
below the bladder
52
where do the renal and reproductive system join in males
prostate gland
53
what does the prostate gland do
- where renal and reproductive systems meet in men
- secretes prostaglandins
54
what is the purpose of prostaglandins in semen
- propel sperm
- cause uterine/cervix contractions
55
where are cowper's/bulbourethral glands located
below the prostate
56
describe the size of a cowper's/bulbourethral gland
size of a pea
57
what do cowper's/bulbourethral glands do
- secrete liquid to lubricate the urethra and balance the pH of the urethra so sperm don't die
- secretions are also called precum/pre-ejaculate
58
how many sperm are in ejaculate and how many are in pre-ejaculate
- ejaculate: 300 million sperm
- pre-ejaculate: 50,000 sperm
59
are the secretions from the bulbourethral glands included in the contents of semen
no
60
how long is the urethra in males
12 inches
61
what are the two types of erectile tissue in the penis
- corpus sponginosum
- corpus cavernosum
62
what does corpus mean
body
63
where is the corpus sponginosum found
surrounding the urethra
64
what is the purpose of the corpus sponginosum in the penis
- vasocongests when aroused
- protects the urethra
65
what tissue does the urethra run through in the penis
corpus sponginosum
66
what is the majority of penile tissue
corpus cavernosum
67
what is the corpus cavernosum responsible for in the penis
- rigidity
- length
- circumference
68
what runs through the corpus cavernosum in the penis
penile arteries
69
list the path of sperm in the male reproductive system
- seminiferous tubules in the testicles
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- prostate
- urethra
- urethral opening
70
are the seminal vesicles a passage for sperm
no, sperm do not move through the seminal vesicles
71
is the incidence of testicular cancer increasing or decreasing in the US and many other countries
increasing
72
is testicular cancer common
no
73
how many males will develop testicular cancer
- 1in 250
- 9300 cases per year in the US
74
what is the average age of diagnosis for testicular cancer
33
75
who usually gets testicular cancer
young and middle-aged men
76
what percent of testicular cancer cases do men aged 25-44 make up
90%
77
what are signs of testicular cancer
swelling of the testicle or scrotum
78
describe the growth of testicular cancer
- slow growing
- doesn't often metastasize
79
how many men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their life
- 1 in 9
- 160,000 cases per year in the US
80
how many women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their life
1 in 8
81
who usually gets prostate cancer
- older men
- african american men
82
what percent of prostate cancer cases are men over the age of 65
60%
83
what is the average age of diagnosis for prostate cancer
66
84
what are the signs of prostate cancer
- trouble peeing as the prostate inflames and cuts off the urethra
- blood in urine/semen
- erectile dysfunction
85
describe how to perform a testicle self-check
- in a warm shower to relax the scrotum
- hold the top of the testicle between the thumb and forefinger and roll gently, feeling for any lumps
86
what is the risk of dying from testicular cancer
- 1 in 5000
- 400 men die a year from testicular cancer in the US
87
what is the treatment for testicular cancer
removal of the testicle
88
does removing one testicle impact fertility
- no
- the remaining testicle will compensate
89
what is the name of testicle replacements
neuticles
90
what are the two prostate cancer screeners
- digital rectal exam
- prostate-specific antigen test
91
at what age should a man start getting digital rectal exams to screen for prostate cancer
- age 40
- earlier if they have a family history or are experiencing problems
92
describe a digital rectal exam
- patients leans over the exam table
- one finger is inserted into the rectum
- the physician will palpate downwards towards the stomach to feel the prostate
93
what is the prostate-specific antigen test
blood test
94
what is prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
- a substance naturally produced by the prostate gland
- normal to have a small amount of PSA in the bloodstream
95
what would high PSA levels indicate
- prostate infection
- prostate inflammation
- prostate enlargement
- prostate cancer
96
what is the second leading cause of cancer death in men behind lung cancer
prostate cancer
97
how many men will die from prostate cancer
- 1 in 41
- 2.5%
98
how many women will die from breast cancer
2.6%
99
do most men who are diagnosed with prostate cancer die from it; why or why not
- most men do not die from it
- prostate cancer in slow to metastasize and it usually occurs in older men
- older men will probably die from something else before they die from prostate cancer
100
how many men in the US are alive with prostate cancer
2.9 million
101
what is the treatment for prostate cancer
- won't remove prostate in older men; may cause pain, incontinence, erectile dysfunction
- medications used to reduce inflammation
102
what is used to gauge the sexual response cycle in men
penis: length, diameter, rigidity
103
what are the 4 phases of the sexual response cycle
- excitement
- plateau
- orgasm
- resolution
104
define refractory period
- in men not women
- resolution time needed before a second orgasm for the contents of semen to be remade
105
what are the physical changes that occur during the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle
- increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
- penis begins to engorge with blood, partial erection
106
is it possible for a man to have an orgasm and not ejaculate
yes
107
does a man have to be aroused to have an erection
no
108
does a man having an erection always mean he is aroused
no
109
what are the physical changes that occur during the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle
- penis increases in length and diameter
- testes increase in size
- glans of the penis vasocongests and turns a deep purple color
110
what is the average length of a flaccid and erect penis
- flaccid: 5 inches
- erect: 50-100% growth
111
what happens 2-3 seconds before orgasm occurs in men
- fluids are added to the sperm as it reaches the prostate
- a feeling of inevitability
112
describe the penile contractions that occur during male orgasm
- contractions in 0.08 second intervals
- first 3-4 are the strongest and expel the semen
113
what is the average duration of orgasm for men
25 seconds
114
what are the physical changes that occur during the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle
- vasocongestion dissipates rapidly (30-60 seconds)
- erection decreases 50% and then goes back to pre-excitement phase
115
what happens to the refractory period in men if they are younger and healthier
shorter refractory period
