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Social Psychology > Module 3: Nature of Self > Flashcards

Module 3: Nature of Self Flashcards

1
Q

It refers to the individual’s perception, awareness, and understanding of their own identity, existence, and personality.

A

Self

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2
Q

The self is a complex and multifaceted construct that encompasses various aspects, including self-image, ideal self, and self-esteem.

A

Self

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3
Q

Three component of “Self-Concept”

A
  • Self-image
  • Self-esteem
  • Ideal Self
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4
Q

Refers to the way individuals define and understand themselves within the context of their social environment.

A

Self Identity

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5
Q

Self-identity is a fundamental aspect of human social interaction and plays a crucial role in shaping one’s self-concept and behavior.

A

Self Identity

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5
Q

It encompasses how people perceive and categorize themselves in terms of various social and personal attributes, such as their gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation, hobbies, and more.

A

Self Identity

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5
Q

Focuses on how people categorize themselves and others into social groups, and how this categorization affects
intergroup behavior and attitudes.

A

Social Identity Theory by Tajfel and Turner
- Henri Tajfel and John Turner (1979)

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6
Q

Characteristics of Self Identity:

A
  • Multifaceted Nature
  • Dynamic and Fluid
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7
Q

individuals may have multiple identities based on different aspects of their lives.

  • For example, someone might identify as a parent, a student, a sports enthusiast, and a member of a particular cultural or ethnic group simultaneously.
A

Multifaceted Nature

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8
Q
  • Self-identity is not static; it can change and evolve over time.
  • It is influenced by personal experiences, interactions with others, and the broader societal context.
  • People may adapt their self- identities in response to life events or changing social norms.
A

Dynamic and Fluid

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9
Q

Factors associated with Self Identity:

A
  • Social Comparison
  • Self-Categorization
  • Identity Crisis
  • Identity Formation
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10
Q

People often evaluate their self- identities through ________, which involves comparing themselves to others to assess their own identity and self-
worth.

  • This process can lead to both positive and negative feelings, depending on the outcome of the comparison.
A

Social Comparison

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11
Q

closely related to the concept of identity,
where individuals categorize themselves and others into social groups based on shared characteristics or attributes.

A

Self-Categorization

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12
Q

can influence how people perceive themselves and others, as well as their behavior towards individuals from different groups.

A
  • social categories (under self categorization)
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13
Q
  • Individuals may experience ____, especially during significant life transitions or when facing conflicting aspects of their identity.
  • Resolving these ____ often involves introspection and process of identity development.
A

Identity Crisis

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14
Q

is a central concept in social psychology, particularly in the context of adolescence.

A

Identity Formation

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15
Q

It refers to the process through which individuals develop a coherent and stable sense of self, including their values, beliefs, and
goals.

A

Identity Formation

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16
Q
  • Individuals tend to favor members of their own social group (in-group) over members of other groups (out-groups).
  • This can manifest in various forms, such as greater trust, cooperation, and positive attitudes toward in-group members.
A

In-Group Favoritism

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17
Q
  • In addition to in-group favoritism, people may also exhibit negative attitudes or stereotypes toward members of out-groups.
A

Out-Group Derogation

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18
Q

Other term for Out-Group Derogation

A

out-group prejudice.

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19
Q

HE Challenged earlier notions of a fixed and unchanging self and
introduced the idea of a dynamic and evolving self-concept.

A

William James (1890)

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20
Q

I and Me as self

A
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20
Q

described the self as a continuous and ever-changing “stream of conscious
experiences.”

A

James’s Self Theory

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21
Q

James described the self as a continuous and ever-changing _______

A

“stream of conscious experiences.”

21
Q

argued that there is no static or unchanging “self” but rather a dynamic flow of thoughts,
feelings, sensations, and perceptions that make up an
individual’s conscious experience.

A

James’s Self Theory

21
Q

proponent of pragmatism and symbolic interaction.

A

George Herbert Mead (1863-1931);

22
Q

Focuses on the development of the self through social interactions and the role of language and symbols in shaping the self.
- Proposed the three-stage self development process.

A

Mead’s Self Theory

23
Q

Stages of Self-Development (3)

A
  • Preparatory Stage
  • Play Stage
  • Game Stage
24
Q
  • Infancy to Early Childhood
  • In this early stage, children imitate the actions and behaviors of others, such as parents and caregivers.
  • They do not yet have a clear sense of self but learn through mimicry.
A

Preparatory Stage

25
Q
  • Early to Middle Childhood
  • As children grow, they engage in role-playing activities, taking on the perspective of others.
A

Play Stage

26
Q
  • They begin to understand the roles and expectations associated with various positions in society, which contributes to the development of the self.
A

Play Stage

27
Q
  • By adolescence and adulthood, individuals have internalized the expectations and norms of their society and can consider how they are viewed by society as a whole.
A

Generalized Other

27
Q
  • Middle Childhood and Beyond
  • Individuals participate in organized group activities, such as games and team sports, that require them to understand and consider the
    perspectives and roles of multiple participants.
A

Game Stage

27
Q
  • Individuals learn to anticipate the actions and reactions of others within larger social context.
  • They develop a sense of the “generalized other,” which is the collective viewpoint and expectations of society as a whole.
A

Game Stage

28
Q
  • The “generalized other” influences an individual’s self-concept and guides their behavior, helping them conform to societal expectations and norms.
A

Generalized Other

29
Q

It is a theory that focuses on the symbolic nature of human interaction and how individuals
derive meaning from these interactions.

A

Symbolic Interactionism

29
Q

is a micro-level theory that examines the everyday interactions between individuals and how they shape and construct their
social reality.

A

Symbolic Interactionism

29
Q

Principles of SI:

A

refer to the module

30
Q

key tools as it enables individuals to create and communicate symbols that carry shared meanings.

A

Symbols and Language:

31
Q

people assign meaning to symbols, gestures, and words.

A

Symbolic Meaning:

32
Q

Application of SI

A
  • Non-verbal cues
  • Facial expressions
  • Sign languages
  • Emojis and emoticons
  • Tangible and non tangible symbols
  • Artefacts
33
Q

It is the process of how people construe, understand, or make sense of life events, relationships, and the self.

A

Meaning-making

34
Q

Meaning-making (3)

A
  1. Meanings are important
  2. Meanings grow out of Relationships
  3. Meanings are negotiated between
34
Q

This theory focuses on the idea that people have multiple self-representations and that discrepancies between these self-representations can lead to different emotional and cognitive outcomes.

A

Higgin’s Self Discrepancy Theory

35
Q

Higgin’s Self Discrepancy Theory (3)

A
  • Actual Self
  • Ideal Self
  • Ought Self
36
Q
  • The representation of the attributes and characteristics that an individual ideally wishes to possess.
  • It reflects the person’s goals, aspirations, and what they would like to become.
A

Ideal Self

36
Q
  • This represents how individuals currently perceive themselves to be, including their attributes, abilities, and characteristics.
A

Actual Self

37
Q
  • a representation of the attributes and characteristics that an individual believes they should possess based on external expectations, societal norms, or moral standards.
  • It reflects a sense of duty and responsibility.
A

Ought Self

37
Q

The concept suggests that individuals develop their self-concept and self-identity through their interactions with others and the feedback they receive from those interactions.

A

Looking Glass Self Model

38
Q

Proponent of Looking Glass Self Model

A

Charles Horton Cooley (1902)

39
Q

people see themselves through the “_____” of other people’s perceptions and judgments.

A

looking glass

39
Q

Three components of Looking-Glass Self

A
  1. We imagine how we must appear to others in a social situation.
  2. We imagine and react to what we feel their judgment of that appearance must be.
  3. We develop our sense of self and respond through these perceived judgments of others.
40
Q

The self is not a fixed or inherent entity but is ______.
- This means that our understanding of who we are is influenced by the cultural, social, and historical contexts in which we live.

A

socially constructed

41
Q
  • provides the language, symbols, and norms that help us define ourselves and our identities.
A

Society

42
Q
  • While society plays a significant role in shaping the self, individuals also have ____— the capacity to make choices and decisions that influence their identities and life paths.
A

agency

43
Q

To understand human behaviors we must learn what it means to the participants

A
  • Meanings are important
44
Q

When relationships change, so do meanings

A
  • Meanings grow out of relationships
45
Q

We do not accept others’ meanings uncritically

A

Meanings are negotiated between people

Social Psychology (5 decks)

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