Module 3.1.1: Causal Factors and Viewpoints Introduction

Question 1

Correlation

Answer 1

when variable (X) is associated with an outcome of interest (Y)

Question 2

If negative self-worth is correlated with depression, can we infer that negative self-worth causes depression?

Answer 2

No, just knowing that two things are correlated DOES NOT tell you if one caused the other

Question 3

Risk Factor

Answer 3

a factor or characteristic associated with an increased risk of developing condition Y

Question 4

When can we infer that the variable X is a risk factor to disorder Y?

Answer 4

If X is shown to precede Y then we can infer that X is a risk factor

Example: Physical abuse during childhood (X) precedes the development of depression (Y); therefore, physical abuse in childhood could be a RISK FACTOR

Question 5

Questions to ask to conclude about risk factors

Answer 5

1. Does X precede Y?
2. Can X be changed?
3. Does changing X change Y?

Question 6

Variable Risk Factor

Answer 6

if X can be changed, it is called a variable risk factor; changeable by intervention

Question 7

Fixed Marker

Answer 7

if X cannot be changed, it is called a fixed marker; unchangeable by intervention

Example: The presence of physical abuse in childhood can no longer be changed; therefore, it is a fixed marker in this case.

Question 8

Variable Marker

Answer 8

if changing X does not lead to a change in Y, it is considered as a variable marker of Y; unchangeable by intervention

Question 9

Causal Risk Factor

Answer 9

if changing X leads to a change in Y, X is called a causal risk factor for Y; changeable by intervention