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ecology exam 1 > module 4 > Flashcards

module 4 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Desication

A

loss of water to the enivorment

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2
Q

water balance

A

difference in water concentration between the organism and its environments

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3
Q

hydration

A

replacing water that has been lost to the air

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4
Q

Wip (plants internal water)

A

war+wa-wt-ws (r-roots-a-air-t-transpirtation-w-secrections)

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5
Q

waxy cuticle

A

Covering the above ground parts of plant; prevents gas exchange

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6
Q

Wia

A 
Wd + Wf + Wa - We - Ws (+ Wm)
Wia= Animal's internal water
Wd = DrinkingWf = Food
Wa = Absorbed from air
We = Evaporation
Ws = Secretion / Excretion Wm = Metabolic Water
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7
Q

Effect of gravity

in water vs. terestrial organisms

A

in water
buyouncay helps

terrestrial organisms must make their own support

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8
Q

how animals protect themselves

A

internal skeletons, external skeletons

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9
Q

how fungi protect themselves

A

cell wall of chitin

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10
Q

how plants protect themselves

A

cell walls of cellulose

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11
Q

terrestrial environments are highly variable

A

through both time and space

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12
Q

Variable both daily and seasonally

A

temperature variation, percipitation variation

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13
Q

these fluctuations (variations in temp and precipitation) have

A

short term effects on metabolic processes

long term effects on distribution and evolution of organisms.

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14
Q

Plant Distributions
Climate
ecological tolerance

A

Ecological Tolerances

Plants Have Ranges of Existence

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15
Q

light in forest vs. grassland

A

forest top has more light

grassland bottom has more light

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16
Q

foliage density

A

exposed as leaf area

leaf area-measured on one or both sides

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17
Q

leaf area index

LAI as you move from the top of the tree canopy to the ground?

A

area of leaves per unit ground areaLAI as you move from the top of the tree canopy to the ground?

-leaf area decreases as height decreases

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18
Q

leaf orientation

A

affects the change in light quality (attenuation) through the canopy

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19
Q

Leaf perpendicular to the sun

A

absorbs 1.0 unit of light energy per leaf unit area/time

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20
Q

Leaf at a 60∞ angle to the sun

A

absorbs 0.5 unit of light energy

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21
Q

Leaves at an ______ absorb light more effectively

A

angle

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22
Q

angles of leaves vary because of

A

angle of the sun varies

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23
Q

soil

A

Solid substrate of terrestrial communities resulting from the interaction of weather and biological activities with the underlying geological formation

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24
Q

soil is

A

the medium for plant growth
the initial recipient of water, controlling its fate
a recycling system
a habitat

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25
base | Regolith
base is hard, unweathered rock | Layer of unconsolidated debris from crumbled rock that overlays this base
26
Soil is composed of
Minerals from Parent Rock Organic Material Water
27
Mechanical weathering results from the interaction of
water, temp, wind, organisms
28
mechanical weathering
Does not change them chemically
29
Chemical weathering
Chemically transforms the original rocks and minerals
30
examples of chemical weathering
soil organisms, decomposition organic material
31
five interrelated factors of soil formation
``` parent material biotic factors climate topography time ```
32
Soil Formation: Parent material
Material from which soil develops Physical character & chemical composition important in determining soil properties Can originate from: underlying bedrock glacial deposits (till) windborne sand/silt (eolian) gravity moving material down slope (colluvium) sediments carried by flowing water (fluvial)
33
colluvium
gravity moving material down a slope
34
fluvial
sediments carried by flowing water
35
geological events in soil create
mosaic under soil, diversity of soil
36
role of plants in soil formation
transfer light energy to the soil as organic carbon root, break up parent material, reduce erosion, bring nutrients to surface, stabilize soil surface
37
animals role in soil formation
burrow and dig into the soil
38
funi ang bacteria role in soil formation
Decompose remains of organisms, increasing organic material
39
soil formation | climate
Influences soil development directly and indirectly
40
soil formation abiotic factors | Influence Physical & Chemical reactions
Influence Physical & Chemical reactions Temperature Controls the rate of biochemical reactions Precipitation Water required for chemical weathering and leaching Winds
41
weathering, leaching and plant growth are maximized under what conditions and have much less influence under what conditions
maximized under warm temperatures and abundant water | much less influence under cold, dry conditions
42
Topography can affect the influence of
climate
43
steep slopes will have
water runoff surface, soil is drier, erosion
44
not steep slope, top of mountain
thinner soil, soil not much nutrients
45
Soil Formation: Time
Important in soil formation,All of the factors discussed work over long periods of time,Formation of well-developed soil may take 2000 to 20,000 years.
46
Soils are distinguished by physical and chemical properties, including:
``` color texture structure moisture depth ```
47
Dark soil
Indicate Organic matter
48
Blotchy soil (yellow-brown/gray)
water saturated soils
49
Grasslands type of soil
Deep soils - grasses have deep roots, add organic material to soil
50
forest type of soil | -what is the source of organic material
shallow soils-falling leaves are major source of organic material
51
forest type of soil
Shallow soils - falling leaves are major source of organic material
52
soil classifications based on can see microscopic
based on proportions | can see-sand, silt, microscopic-clay
53
clay controls the most important properties:
cater-holding capacity | exchange of ions between particles and solution
54
Ideal soil
50% soil particles, 50% pore space
55
coarse soils have
Large pore spaces | Rapid water infiltration, percolation, drainage
56
As texture becomes finer
pores are smaller | More surface area for water adhesion & chemical activity
57
Very fine soils
easily compacted, smaller pore spaces, poor aeration, difficult for root penetration
58
matric potential | increases when
The energy associated with attractive forces on the surfaces of large molecules inside cells or on the surfaces of soil particles.Increases As Water Leaves soil
59
field capacity lower in what soils higher in what soils
Water held within the soil by internal capillary forces Varies with texture lower in coarse soils; higher in fine soils
60
wilting point
Moisture level at which plants cannot extract water
61
available water capacity
field capacity - wilting point
62
gravitational water
water that trickles downward through soil to ground water
63
O horizon
Organic Layer of freshly fallen organic material | Most superficial layer
64
A horizon
Mixture of minerals, clay, silt and sand
65
B horizon
Clay, humus, & other materials leached from A horizon | Often contains plant roots
66
C horizon
weathered parent material
67
Leaching
movement of nutrients and mineral down Into soil
68
higher H+ concentration ______ in leaching
increases
69
LAI as you move from the top of the tree canopy to the ground?
cumulative leaf area and LAI decreases | light decreases
70
slopes are deeper where and shallow where
deeper in valleys shallow on ridges

ecology exam 1 (4 decks)

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