Module 4 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Historical foundations: from early settlement period to the mid 1970’s
A
Canada’s social welfare system -
- policies and programs have been introduced and revised at different times
- in response to various human needs and problems/ depending on public demand, political and economic climate and government priorities
2
Q
Residual Approach
A
predominated early settlement years
3
Q
Institutional approach
A
gained popularity in CAN after the effects of the great depression
4
Q
1 The Early Phase (colonial times to confederation)
A
- characterized by self sufficiency
- minimal gov. involvement in peoples lives/well-being
- asking for charity was discouraged
- taking a residual approach
5
Q
Social Welfare in New France
A
valued work and self sufficiency but// also welcomed various forms of support
Belief that gov. is responsible for its citizens–> funding education, health and other services (Quebec)
ETC
more at beginning of week ch.3 and 4 notes
6
Q
QB city’s general hospital and the congregation of Notre Dame
A
offered skill training to settlers who had trouble finding/ creating work
7
Q
French had little tolerance for…
A
begging
8
Q
1674 France Passed…
A
A Royal Decree Prohibiting Begging by able bodied persons in Montreal
9
Q
1676
A
Montreal banned vagrants and beggars from the city (UNLESS they had special permission from the priest)
If not.. then banished the vagrants and beggars
10
Q
The British conquered New France in 1759
A
soon after the social welfare supports est. by the French government. disintegrated
11
Q
The Quebec Act- Britain passed in 1774
A
Roman Catholic Church took role of provision of social welfare
12
Q
The # of French Charities largely staffed by volunteers grew during the ____Century.
A
19th
13
Q
The Protestant Work Ethic
A
View of poverty as a sign of a sinful life
“people must work in this world to be saved in the next”
14
Q
Protestant Reformation in the 16th Century
A
Europe brought the belief that success at work/ profits and wealth/ was Gods Grace
15
Q
Help from the British Protestants
A
followed with “how to regain gods grace”
with thrift, hard work, self help, and self discipline
16
Q
The English Poor Laws
A
The British Parliamentary acts—> collectively called the English Poor Laws
Meant to deal with poverty in England but influenced how their people viewed the poor and treated them
17
Q
The English poor laws were first passed in….
A
1601
18
Q
Newbrunswick and Nova Scotia enacted poor laws in…
A
NB- 1786
NS- 1763
19
Q
Newfoundland and PEI rejected gov. intervention for the poor including….
A
poor law legislation
urged people to depend on friends and family
20
Q
Public Relief
A
was an early form of social assistance or welfare
21
Q
outdoor relief
A
Cash and other direct assistance
sporadic and meagre
22
Q
indoor relief
A
workhouses and poorhouses
workhouses= for able bodied, unemployed adults, people paid their keep through labor
poorhouses= for elderly, orphans
BUT// Only those facing starvation would seek help from either
23
Q
Insane Asylums
A
orphanages for the care of immigrant mothers and children widowed from the voyage from Europe
24
Q
Residual
A
benefits only in case of extreme emergency
25
18th century
fines for people failing to care for their own family members
26
1920 Mothers Allowance
1927 Old Age Pension
1944 Family allowances
caused large institutions for people to live in to dwindle
27
1867 BNA (British North America Act) passage
United New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
Ontario and Quebec into the dominion of CAN
-divided legislative responsibilities between the fed. and reg. govs
Province responsibilities became: hospitals, asylums, charities and alms giving institutions
Giving Fed. gov a minor role in the health and welfare of CAN's
28
#2 THE TRANSITIONAL PHASE - confederation to WWII
characterized by CAN's rapid changing social welfare needs
family based labor------> to an economy based on wage labor
MEN became primary $ earners, women and children became their dependents
Gov.s still defended residual approach
SHIFT towards a more helpful gov @ the end of this phase
29
Industrialization and its related problems developed:
an increase in social conciousness and a feeling of mutual responsibility for fellow human beings
30
Social Movements
related to: labor reform, child welfare and women's rights
took root during this period
31
Social Reformers
(Activists) called attention to:
the inability of families, charities and local gov.s to meet the needs of modern industrial society
pressuring gov.s to take a more active role in social and economic lives of its citizens
32
During the TRANSITIONAL PHASE
- a growing interest in social democracy developed
- a right to minimum levels of health and well-being
- & equitable access to services
33
The Labor Movement & Workers Compensation
Long hours for low pay
1870's trade unions became a powerful political force
They drew attention to all the workplace accidents/ pressuring the gov. to change
34
Canada's First Comprehensive and Compulsory Plan Was:
The Ontario's Workmen's Compensation Act of 1914
(CANADA'S FIRST SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAM)
Most advance piece of legislation of it's time
THE ACT STARTED- a National Workers Compensation Movement
by 1920 every province except PEI had similar legislation
35
Improving condtitions for women and children...
- as industrialization accelerated families became more economically insecure
- if male breadwinner failed the female would have to pull the weight
- divorce was becoming more common---> causing women to leave children to work
New problems that created social change
36
The Child Welfare Movement
gained momentum in the late 19th century
John Joseph Kelso ----> wrote report that lead to public outcry
LEADING TO...
the passage of the 1893 Act for the prevention of cruelty to/ and better protection of children
37
1893 Act for the prevention of cruelty to and better protection of children
considered the first comprehensive piece of legislation in North America to Protect children
promoted non-profit children's aid societies in Ontario
and the placement of children in foster homes, rather than institutions
ALSO prompted other jurisdictions across Canada to introduce and enforce Child Welfare Legislation
38
First Wave of Women's rights movement
late 19th/ early 20th centuries
women's rights movements focus:
improving social and economic conditions for women and children
39
Women's Church associations led to
the est. of TWCA & the women's Christian Temperance Union
| also argued for political and legal rights to vote and run for political office
40
National Council of Women of Canada
Social change through pressuring the government
41
1920s
Women groups and early feminists changing social causes
42
The first world war (pension and allowance)
WWI reminded Canadian's of the vulnerability of the family unit
Loss of fathers led to fatherless families
AND high infant mortality rate
43
In response to after World War I problems...
Fed gov. est. a bunch of charities to aid CAN soldiers over seas and provide relief to soldiers families
Organized system of relief with 2 schemes of veterans pensions:
The soldier settlement (unemployed soldiers recieve settlement and land)
The employment service of Canada (helped veterans find job)
Financial compensation also available to families of lost soldiers
44
response to soldiers WWI marks...
the change of direction of social policy
45
1916 Gov. of Manitoba passed the first mothers allowance act in Canada
(a small but certain income)
Manitoba took lead for mothers allowance and other provinces followed
46
NCWC The National Council of Women in Canada (1893)
improved female prisoners, factory workers, and immigrants in the 19th century
& helped promote female prison officers
47
the NCWC was instrumental in the fed. govs enactment of...
the act to confer the electoral franchise upon women 1918
a legislation giving CAUCASIAN women the right to vote in fed. election
and many more achievements
48
The Old Age pension act of 1927
est. pension as a right to all seniors
(THE FIRST FED. long term commitment to social welfare)
at the time you had to be 70+ and a means test had to be conducted
49
the U.S. stockmarket crash of 1929 and Europes slow post war economic recovery HURT Canada
Unemployment rates went from 3% in 1927- 27% in 1933
high unemployment rates created a # of social and health problems
50
By the time the depression ended in 1939
almost 1/3 of Canadians were too poor to buy enough nutricous groceries
NO UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE YET
51
Many provinces assigned municipalities to provide some form of relief to the poor and unemployed
Two services were available...
Direct Relief - cash, vouchers, food, fuel, clothing
Indirect Relief - provided through gov. funded work projects intended to get the unemployed back to work
52
the # of Canadians dependent on support continued to grow..
1.5 M 1933
2M 1934
& gov. struggled with financial strain of relief programs and tension arised among the unemployed
-----> protests against the gov. arised
53
Worker Camps comparable to...
19th century work houses
54
The on to Ottawa trek of 1935
possibly the largest and most famous protest of the depression
about 4000 men from work camps boarded trains to head to ottawa to protest unemployment, poor wages, and unacceptable conditions in the work camps
55
1929-1939 depression years
men found employment by work camps in BC
April 19/ sick of laboring 6 days a week for 20 cents a day
went on strike for 2 months
56
In a federal election liberals defeated the conservatives &
abolished the work camps
57
Unemployment Insurance
provinces are responsible for public relief with the fed. gov sharing costs during the great depression
58
By the time cost sharing ended in 1941 the fed gov had paid
40% of the costs in total for public relief
59
By the end of the depression
Unemployment rates were so high you could no longer blame unemployment on a persons character
(great pressure for gov.s to provide for citizens)
60
1940 Unemployment Insurance Act Passed
during the plans first year almost 4.6 million people benefited from EI
61
```
#3 THE INTERVENTIONIST PHASE
(WWII -mid 1970's)
```
era of strong economic growth
high employment
and rising gov. revenues
allowing gov.s to financially provide social well being private charities previously provided
during this era CAN est. a range of Universal, Social, and Healthcare Programs
This shift from residual to more of an institutional approach est. gov. as the predominant force of social welfare
62
The Marsh Report on Social Security 1943
end of WWII marked economic turning point for CAN
INFLUENCED BY great britains famous Beveridge Report 1942
"report on social security for CAN"
emphasized need for national health insurance and childrens allowance
63
Economic and Social risks are apart of a modern industrial life and gov. can minimize risks through public benefit
MARSH believed in 3 programs
```
#1) Children's allowances
#2) national health insurance
#3) a contributory old age pension plan
```
(how to achieve a social minimum)
64
Historian "Michael Bliss" 1975
"hailed the marsh report as the most important single document in the history of social development in CAN"
(welfare state development)
65
Marsh Report was...
a structural framework for many of CAN's future health and social welfare programs
BUT// was never tabled in the house of commons
66
Family Allowances Act 1944
federally administered allowance
CANADAS first universal social welfare program
cost 250 million
67
The old age pension act 1927
criticized for:
stigma
means testing
and inadequit benefits
68
in 1951 the old age pension act was replaced with 2 new pension plans...
```
#1) old age security (universal benefits fully funded by gov.)
#2) old age assistance (a means tested scheme that was cost shared by prov. fed. gov and administered by the provinces
```
69
1965 the Canadian Pension Plan CPP and the Quebec pension plan were introduced
providing first line of defense for paid workers and their families who suffered a loss of income from: retirement, death, disability
required all workers 18-70 to contribute
FIRST income security program subject to indexation
(benefits increase automatically as cost of living increases)
70
Canada's Assistance Plan 1996
to prevent people from falling through cracks in the system CAP was developed
Under CAP fed. gov paid HALF costs for provinces and territories to design and administer their own social welfare programs
71
Under CAP is a wide range of Social Services:
- protection services for children
- rehabilitation for people with disabilities
- home support for seniors
- employment programs
to reduce or eradicate problems from poverty, child neglect, dependence on welfare
72
CAP instrumental in...
designing Canada's social safety net & insurance of minimum standards of living for everyone
73
Several events during 1990's motivated PM Lester B person to introduce a plan to eliminate poverty in Canada
- an increased awareness of poverty
- the USA's declaration of the war on poverty
- the development of new methods for measuring poverty
PM's announcement paved the way for several studies on poverty
one study concluded poverty is real and millions of people live in it
74
1968 The senate comittee on poverty was appointed to...
look at poverty in CAN and recommend changes
```
Two major concerns arose-
#1) # of people (children) growing up in poverty
#2) the 2 million working poor
```
poverty declared as a growing social problem/ provided insight into the causes of poverty and suggested a social minimum
75
GAI Guaranteed Annual Income
Nationwide plan never materialized
several provinces implemented versions of this for seniors already receiving old age security and guaranteed income supplement
76
1974 ON introduced GAINS the guaranteed Annual Income Support System
ensured basic income for those 65+ who's annual income fell below a certain threshhold
77
The Women's Movement "the personal is political" - 2 primary objectives:
To achieve social justice for all women
To break down est. patriarichal power structures that oppress and controlled women
(effective in influencing policy)
78
RCSW The Royal Commission on the Status of Women
federally appointed in 1967
ONE OF the driving forces behind the Canada's Women Movement
issued an agenda and strategies to solve problems for women
led to the est. of several groups devoted to improving women's conditions in Canada
Including the Canadian Advisory council on the status of women
79
Early 1970's
social activism found its way into provincial politics
Canadas growing economy encouraged social programs
particularly those designed to reduce poverty
80
The income security review of 1970
fed. gov. est. income security for Canadian's
abolishing universal programs and focusing on funding those who need it (family allowances/ old age security)
this proposal drew mixed reactions in the house of commons and was decided to postpone
81
The social security review 1973-1976
PM Trudeau launched a fed/prov/territorial review on Canada's social welfare system
a few months later report was issued "working paper on social security in Canada" outlined areas to consider
during this time labor was switching to machines leaving lots of people out of work and the economic decline strained gov. revenue
82
By the end of 1975
govs cut back/ cancelled in attempt to control public spending
83
Social Security review paved the way for...
income security programs at the provincial and federal levels: including
Saskatechewans income plan 1974
The federal refundable child tax credit 1978
Manitobas income support program 1980
This review also prompted fed. gov. to triple the family allowance benefits
84
mid 1970s was the...
PEAK of social welfare development
creating a more equitable nation
85
Social Welfare in the globalization era 1945 (end of WWII) to early 1970 (the golden era of capitalism)
during this time period most CAN's had well paying jobs and many workers belonged to unions which pushed for job security and workplace benefits
gov.s also took responsibility for ppl who could not meet their needs
AND Canadian's generally supported income redistribution
86
John Maynard Keynes 1883- 1946
believed in giving money to people through income support security programs, tax breaks, and other gov. initiatives
encouraged spending --> in turn stimulating the economy
BELIEVED IN a progressive tax system
87
Canadas Economy began to slow in the early 1970's
the economy worsened
unemployment and interest rates worsened
gov. revenues and household incomes on downward slide as a result
Countries began yearly budget defecits( soending above their income)
deficits accumulated creating a huge public debt
88
Decline was not temporary....
was apart of a new globalization era and a shift from industrialization to post industrialization
89
Globalization era of capitalism began in...
mid 1970s and is continuing today
supporting neoliberalist views
90
Neoliberalism is a rejection of...
Monetarism
91
Neoliberals believe that...
monetarism can solve the economic problems by a public debt relief and restore the economy
