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Psych 1101 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

cognitive development

A

t: domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

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2
Q

continuous development:

A

view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills

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3
Q

developmental milestone:

A

approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events

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4
Q

discontinuous development:

A

view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages

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5
Q

nature

A

genes and biology

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6
Q

normative approach

A

: study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones

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7
Q

nurture

A

environment and culture

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8
Q

physical development:

A

domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

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9
Q

psychosocial development:

A

domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships

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10
Q

trust v mistrust

A

0-1; trust basic needs such as nourishment

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11
Q

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

A

1-3; Develop a sense of independence in many tasks

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12
Q

Initiative vs. guilt

A

3-6; Take initiative on some activities—may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped

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13
Q

Industry vs. inferiority

A

7-11; Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not

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14
Q

Identity vs. confusion

A

12-18; Experiment with and develop identity and role

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15
Q

Intimacy vs. isolation

A

19-29; Establish intimacy and relationships with others

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16
Q

Generativity vs. stagnation

A

30-64; Contribute to society and be part of a family

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17
Q

Integrity vs. despair

A

65-; Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions

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18
Q

assimilation

A

adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known

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19
Q

accommodation:

A

adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known

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20
Q

concrete operational stage:

A

third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events

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21
Q

conservation:

A

idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed

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22
Q

egocentrism:

A

preoperational child’s difficulty in taking the perspective of other

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23
Q

formal operational stage:

A

final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

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24
Q

object permanence:

A

idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exist

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25
preoperational stage:
second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically
26
reversibility:
understanding that objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition
27
schema:
(plural = schemata) concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information
28
sensorimotor stage:
first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior
29
theory-of-mind:
the understanding that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from our own
30
stages of moral reasoning:
process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development
31
preconventional
children don't have a personal code of morality, and instead moral decisions are shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking their rules
32
conventional
characterized by an acceptance of society's conventions concerning right and wrong. At this level an individual obeys rules and follows society's norms even when there are no consequences for obedience or disobedience
33
postconventional
identifies the ethical reasoning of moral actors who make decisions based on rights, values, duties, or principles that are (or could be) universalizable
34
conception
: when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote
35
critical (sensitive) period:
time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop
36
embryo:
multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development
37
mitosis:
process of cell division
38
newborn reflexes:
inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with
39
placenta:
structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby
40
prenatal care:
medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus
41
teratogen:
biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
42
zygote:
structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta
43
rooting reflex
When you stroke a baby’s cheek, she naturally turns her head in that direction and begins to suck
44
grasping reflex
automatic, unlearned, sucking motions that infants do with their mouths
45
moro reflex
newborn’s response when she feels like she is falling. The baby spreads her arms, pulls them back in, and then (usually) cries
46
fetal alcohol syndrome
collection of birth defects associated with heavy consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
47
fine motor skills
focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions (e.g., grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon)
48
gross motor skills
focus on large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements (e.g., balancing, running, and jumping)
49
cognitive empathy:
ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others
50
motor skills:
ability to move our body and manipulate objects
51
reinforcement:
feedback that strengthens future behavior
52
attachment:
long-standing connection or bond with other
53
authoritarian parenting style:
parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child
54
authoritative parenting style:
parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child’s point of view
55
avoidant attachment:
characterized by child’s unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves
56
disorganized attachment:
characterized by the child’s odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused
57
permissive parenting style:
parents make few demands and rarely use punishment
58
resistant attachment:
characterized by the child’s tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child
59
secure attachment
: characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore
60
secure base:
parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings
61
temperament:
innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
62
uninvolved parenting style:
parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands
63
adolescence:
period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood
64
adrenarche:
maturing of the adrenal glands
65
emerging adulthood:
newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family
66
gonadarche:
maturing of the sex glands
67
menarche:
beginning of menstrual period; around 12–13 years old
68
primary sexual characteristics:
organs specifically needed for reproduction
69
secondary sexual characteristics:
physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs
70
spermarche:
first male ejaculation
71
crystallized intelligence:
intelligence that draw upon experience and knowledge. Measures include vocabulary tests, solving number problems, and understanding texts
72
fluid intelligence:
information processing abilities, such as logical reasoning, remembering lists, spatial ability, and reaction time
73
five stages of grief:
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
74
hospice:
service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting
75
motivation:
wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal
76
extrinsic motivation:
motivation that arises from external factors or rewards
77
intrinsic motivation:
motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards
78
identity diffusion
not really caring about part of identity
79
identity moratorium
exploring options for identity
80
identity achievement
picks an identity
81
identity foreclosure
commit to an identity w/out exploring options (maybe due to pressure)
82
personality trait
relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
83
openness to experience
curious, imaginative, flexible thinking, accepting, and creative
84
Conscientiousness
is characterized by competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, and achievement-striving (goal-directed behavior)
85
extroversion
characterized by sociability, assertiveness, excitement-seeking, and emotional expression
86
agreeableness
is the tendency to be pleasant, cooperative, trustworthy, and good-natured
87
neuroticism
which is the tendency to experience negative emotions, insecure
88
primary emotions
innate, universal; anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt
89
secondary emotions
blend of primary emotions, complex, learned
90
valence
how pleasant or unpleasant a feeling is

Psych 1101 (4 decks)

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