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Microbiology and Parasitology Lecture > MODULE 4 > Flashcards

MODULE 4 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

The bacterial cell wall is composed of a macromolecular network called

A

peptidoglycan

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2
Q

Peptidoglycan consists of a repeating _____ attached by ______ to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the entire cell

A

dissacharide
polypeptide

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3
Q

The disaccharide portion is made up of monosaccharides called

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

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4
Q

In gram positive cell wall bacteria, the cell wall consists of ___ layers of ______

A

many layers of peptidoglycan

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5
Q

Gram positive cell wall contain
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. teichoic acid
  2. lipoteichoic acid
  3. wall teichoic acid
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6
Q

Gram negative cell wall contain only

A

a thin layer of peptidoglycan

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7
Q

a gel-like fluid between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane.

A

periplasm

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8
Q

Gram negative cell wall composed of

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
lipoproteins
phospholipids

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9
Q

is a large complex molecule that contains lipids and carbohydrates

A

lipopolysaccharide

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10
Q

lipopolysaccharide consists of three components

A

lipid A
core polysaccharide
O polysaccharide

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11
Q

is the lipid portion of the LPS and is embedded in the top layer of the outer membrane.

A

Lipid A

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12
Q

lipid A functions as a

A

endotoxin

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13
Q

is responsible for the symptoms associated with infections by gram-negative bacteria such as fever, dilation of blood vessels, shock, and blood clotting.

A

lipid A

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14
Q

is attached to lipid A and contains unusual sugars

A

core polysaccharide

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15
Q

extends outward from the core polysaccharide and is composed of sugar molecules.

A

O polysaccharide

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16
Q

The O polysaccharide functions as

A

-antigen
-useful for distinguishing species of gram negative bacteria

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17
Q

stains both gram- positive and gram-negative cells purple because the dye enters the cytoplasm of both types of cells.

A

crystal violet

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18
Q

forms large crystals with the dye that are too large to escape through the cell wall.

A

iodine (the mordant)

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19
Q

provides a contrasting color to the primary stain (crystal violet).

A

safranin

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20
Q

What are the structures internal to the cell wall

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleoid
ribosomes
inclusions

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21
Q

is a thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cy- toplasm of the cell

A

plasma membrane

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22
Q

plasma membranes have

A

selective permeability

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23
Q

This term indicates that certain molecules and ions pass through the membrane, but that others are prevented from passing through it

A

selective permeability

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24
Q

What are the permeability factors

A

size
charge
polarity

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25
are also important to the breakdown of nutrients and the production of energy.
plasma membrane
26
pigments and enzymes involved in photosynthesis are found in infoldings of the plasma membrane that extend into the cytoplasm. These membranous structures are called
chromatophores thylakoids
27
Materials move across plasma membranes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by two kinds of processes
passive and active
28
substances cross the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
passive processes
29
the cell must use energy (ATP) to move substances from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
active processes
30
Passive processes include
simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis
31
is the net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
simple diffusion
32
integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane
facilitated diffusion
33
integral proteins are called
transporters or permeases
34
is the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of solvent molecules (low concentration of solute molecules) to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules (high concentra9on of solute molecules)
osmosis
35
What are the three tonicity of the osmosis?
isotonic solution hypotonic solution hypertonic solution
36
No net movement of water occurs.
isotonic solution
37
Water moves into the cell. If the cell wall is strong, it contains the swelling. If the cell wall is weak or damaged, the cell bursts (osmotic lysis).
hypotonic
38
Water moves out of the cell, causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis).
hypertonic solution
39
Among the substances actively transported are
ions amino acids simple sugars
40
for a prokaryotic cell the term refers to the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane
cytoplasm
41
cytoplasm is about
80% water proteins carbohydrates lipids inorganic ions
42
______ of a bacterial cell usually contains a single long, continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double- stranded DNA called _____
nucleoid bacterial chromosome
43
In addition to the bacterial chromosome, bacteria often contain small usually circular, double- stranded DNA molecules called
plasmids
44
the DNA of prokaryotes is not associated with ____(special chromosomal proteins found in eukaryotes)
histones
45
prokaryotes divide through
binary fission
46
Most bacteria range from _____ in diameter _______ in length
0.2 to 2 um diameter 2 to 8 um in length
47
basic shapes of bacteria
coccus bacillus spiral
48
usually round but can be oval, elongated, or flaVened on one side.
cocci
49
Cocci that remain in pairs a[er dividing are called
diplococci
50
those that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns are called
streptococci
51
Those that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four are known as (cocci)
tetrads
52
Those that divide in three planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of eight are called
sarcinae
53
Those that divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters or broad sheets are called
staphylococci
54
divide only across their short axis
bacilli
55
Most bacilli appear as single rods, called
single bacilli
56
appear in pairs after division in bacillus
diplobacilli
57
occurs in chains in bacilli
streptobacilli
58
others are oval and look so much like cocci that they are called
coccobacilli
59
group of spirals that are helical and flexible
spirochetes
60
spirochetes move by means of
axial filaments
61
star shaped cells
stella
62
rectangular flat cells
haloarcula
63
The shape of a bacterium is determined by
heredity
64
most bacteria are
monormorphic
65
they can have many shapes, not just one.
pleomorphic
66
substance secreted on the surface of prokaryotes.
glycocalyx
67
meaning ‘sugar coat’, general term used for substances that surround cells
glycocalyx
68
is a viscous (s9cky), gela9nous polymer that is external to the cell wall and composed of polysaccharide, polypep9de, or both
glycocalyx
69
glycocalyx is composed of
polysaccharide or polypeptide
70
it is made inside the cell and secreted to the cell surface.
glycocalyx
71
If the substance is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall, the glycocalyx is described as a
capsule
72
If the substance is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall, the glycocalyx is described as a
slime layer
73
are important in contributing to bacterial virulence
capsules
74
the degree to which a pathogen causes disease
virulence
75
o[en protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host.
capsules
76
Bacillus anthracis produces a capsule of
d-glutamic acid
77
is any group of microorganisms in which cells s9ck to each other on a surface
biofilm
78
Biofilms are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of
extracellular polymeric substance
79
is a glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other.
Extracellular polymeric substance
80
protects the cells within it, facilitates communica9on among them, and enables the cells to survive by aVaching to various surfaces in their natural environment .
EPS
81
are long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria.
flagella
82
bacteria that lack flagella
atrichous
83
flagella distributed over the entire cell
peritrichous
84
flagella at one or both poles or ends of the cell
polar
85
if polar flagella may be?
monotrichous lophotrichous amphitrichous
86
a single flagellum at one pole
monotrichous
87
a tuft of flagella coming from one pole
lophotrichous
88
flagella at both poles of the cell
amphitrichous
89
found in Spirochetes, for motility
axial filaments
90
bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell
axial filaments or endoflagella
91
hairlike appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella and are used for attachment and transfer lf DNA rather than for motility
fimbrae
92
fimbriae is found in ______ bacteria
gram-negative
93
can occur at the poles of the bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire cell
fimbriae
94
help bacteria adhere to epithelial surfaces in the body
fimbriae
95
are usually longer than fimbriae and number only one or two per cell.
pili
96
involved in motility and DNA transfer
pili
97
a pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin, makes contact with a surface or another cell, and then retracts (powerstroke) as the pilin subunits are disassembled.
twitching motility
98
the smooth gliding movement of myxobacteria.
gliding motility
99
involved in conjugation
pili
100
Bacteria that look like curved rods
vibrios
101
have a helical shape, like a corkscrew, and fairly rigid bodies
spirilla
102
also known as murein
peptidoglycan
103
Its role is structural — to provide stability.
core polysaccharide

Microbiology and Parasitology Lecture (5 decks)

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