Module 4

Question 1

What are the different reservoirs?

Answer 1

Human

Nonliving

Animal/zoonoses

Question 2

What’s the different between clinical and subclinical symptoms?

Answer 2

Clinical- symptoms are obvious

Subclinical- no obvious symptoms

Question 3

What are the different kinds of carriers?

Answer 3

Asymptomatic- harbour pathogens but no signs of infection

Convalescent- during incubation or after recovery

Chronic- pathogens are present after 6 months

Question 4

What are the different modes of transmission?

Answer 4

Contact- direct, indirect, droplet

Vehicle- contaminated items

Food/water/air/blood/medicine

Droplet nuclei

Vector

Question 5

What are the portals of microorganismal entry?

Answer 5

Skin

Mucus membranes

Placenta

Parenteral

Food

Question 6

How can healthcare workers protect themselves?

Answer 6

Immunizations (routine and flu shot)

Hand hygiene

PPE

Properly dispose of sharps and biohazards

Question 7

What body fluids are standard precautions applicable to?

Answer 7

All but sweat

Question 8

What cleaning solutions are used and give an example of what you’d clean with it.

Answer 8

Germicidal soap- hand washing

Strong bleach- contaminated surfaces

Weak bleach- chair

Strong and weak precept

Question 9

What is the protocol for biological spill clean up?

Answer 9

Hold breath, leave for 10-30min

PPE

Cover with paper towel, pour on disinfectant, wait 30min, remove and repeat

Question 10

How do you deal with a dried spill?

Answer 10

Moisten with disinfectant before clean up.

Question 11

How do you deal with large spills?

Answer 11

Contain with clay or Cl based absorbent then sweep up.

Disinfect broom.

Question 12

What do you do if there’s a leaking specimen?

Answer 12

Inform others

Place in ziplock

Reject specimen or transfer to a clean container

Question 13

What are potential environmental exposures?

Answer 13

Skin pierced by contaminated sharp

Body fluid splashes in mucus membrane

Body fluid comes into contact with broken skin

Human bite breaks the skin

Question 14

What is post exposure protocol?

Answer 14

First aid

Documentation

Occupational health determines next steps

Question 15

What should an incident report include?

Answer 15

Route

Source

Vol

Time since injury

Extent of injury

Type and time of treatment

Question 16

How soon must an accident report be filled out?

Answer 16

Within 48hrs

Question 17

What different types of hand hygiene are there?

Answer 17

Plain soap

Antimicrobial soap- invasive procedures AROs

Antiseptic waterless products

Three min scrub

Question 18

In what order do you donn and doff PPE?

Answer 18

Donn: hand hygiene-gown-mask-goggles-gloves

Doff: gloves-goggles-mask-gown-hand hygiene

Question 19

What is the purpose of isolation procedures?

Answer 19

Separate patients with certain transmissible infections.

Protect immunodeficient patients.

Question 20

What are the two tiers of precautions from the CDC?

Answer 20

Standard- all patients

Transmission-based- patients infected/colonized with certain pathogens

Question 21

When are protective environments used?

Answer 21

With severely immunodeficient patients.

Question 22

What’s the difference between quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC)?

Answer 22

QA- program that guarantees quality patient care

QC- procedures to implement QA

Question 23

What does QA in the lab monitor?

Answer 23

Patient prep
Specimen collection
Specimen transportation 
Specimen processing
Instrumental and tech performance of tests 
Lab safety
In service training and education

Question 24

What is QCs goal?

Answer 24

To standardize procedures by minimizing/controlling variation in testing.

Question 25

What is the QC for patient prep?

Answer 25

Asking the nursing staff/patient whether procedures were followed before drawing a sample (ie. fasting).

Question 26

What is the QC for the number of collection attempts?

Answer 26

The number of unsuccessful attempts are logged Written policy describes what to do if unsuccessful collection attempt, patient unavailability or refusal

Question 27

How many times are you allowed to attempt getting blood?

Answer 27

Twice

Question 28

What is he QC for vol of sample draws?

Answer 28

Log kept of paediatric/newborn patients Iatrogenic anemia- induced by medical procedures

Question 29

What is the QC for specimen transport?

Answer 29

Should be taken to the lab ASAP.

Question 30

What is the QC for evacuated tubes?

Answer 30

Visually check for defects/foreign materials Sterility- swab 2 and inoculate a plate Durability- fill and centrifuge and check Draw accuracy- simple or CLSI technique, 4 tubes Functioning of additive- spin 2 and check separation, check anticoag effectiveness, send 2 to metals lab and 2 heparin to chem Check expiry dates

Question 31

What is the CSLI technique?

Answer 31

Checks draw accuracy ``` Buret filled with water Tubing attached to tip Needle attached to tubing Bleed Insert needle to tube Open stopcock, push in needle, allow to fill Read volume ```

Question 32

How to you check anticoagulant effectiveness?

Answer 32

Pour blood through gauze, check for clots.

Question 33

What is the QC for needles?

Answer 33

Check expiration date Check tamper proof seal Check for manufacturing errors

Question 34

What is the QC for centrifuges?

Answer 34

Check timer (stopwatch) Check RPMs (tachometer)

Question 35

What are the elements required for organism transmission?

Answer 35

Source/reservoir Means of transmission Susceptible host