Module 4 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
What are the two components of privacy?
A
- The right to be left alone
- The right to exercise control over personal information
2
Q
What does autonomy refer to?
A
An individual exercising his/her right to play a role in one’s decision-making
3
Q
Love: What was particularly important to the working group when it drafted the standards concerning informed consent, privacy and confidentiality.?
A
The educative function
4
Q
Love: How does Kantian theory describe autonomy? How can it be operationalised?
A
Free will Self-determination or self-freedom
5
Q
Love: What is a key precept underpinning the code?
A
Autonomy
6
Q
Love: What are some of the applications of client autonomy?
A
Privacy and confidentiality, along with informed consent
7
Q
Having the right to privacy is fundamental to which principle?
A
The respect for dignity principle
8
Q
Confi dentiality is an expression of what right?
A
Privacy
9
Q
What is the challenge confronting psychologists with regards to privacy?
A
To determine when a client’s rights to decide, and to privacy, should be set aside by the psychologist in preference for the competing duty to protect the welfare of the client or others who might be harmed unreasonably or unnecessarily
10
Q
Keeping and discharging promises (i.e., the duty of honesty), along with truthfulness and trustworthiness is a component of which principle?
A
Integrity (General Principal C)
11
Q
Honesty in the form of giving and keeping promises is an ethical cornerstone of what?
A
Informed consent, privacy protection and maintenance of confidentiality
12
Q
Should a psychologist fully inform all clients in plain language about the services to be provided, irrespective of the client’s competence to make an informed decision to accept the proposed services?
A
Yes, according to the Code
13
Q
What are some possible limitations on the client’s competence?
A
Legal eg. client is a minor and in the context of the decision to be made is not considered to be a mature minor (Milne, 1995 ); Psychological; eg. client is impaired intellectually, emotionally or otherwise psychologically so can’t make an informed decision.
14
Q
What are the exceptions to fully informing clients?
A
Where people have explicitly waived in advance their right to be informed, or where it is not reasonably possible to obtain informed consent, eg small children
15
Q
Whether minors are judged mature enough to give informed consent will depend what factors?
A
- Ability to understand the nature of the proposed services - level of cognitive development, (including perceived capacity to comprehend the reasonably foreseeable consequences of accepting or refusing the service being offered and the benefits and risks associated with the service) - whether they have a Medicare card in their own name.
16
Q
In the case of persons who have reached the legal age of consent but who are psychologically impaired, consent should be sought from where?
A
- Legal power of attorney - Legal guardian
17
Q
Thoroughness in formulating professional disclosures is a show of respect for the clients what?
A
- Dignity and - Autonomy
18
Q
Delivery of the services strictly in accordance with the information given to clients and other parties is a measure of psychologist’s what?
A
Fidelity
19
Q
What are some of the things that have been suggested that clients be informed about?
A
- Psychologist’s professional orientation, background and experience
- alternative professional orientations that may be available
- arrangements regarding appointments,
- limits of confidentiality,
- fees and charges, and
- insurance arrangements and rebates.
- nature and extent of services to be provided, incl. preparation and provision of reports;
- exactly who will be providing the services;
- professional qualifications and affiliations of service providers;
- purpose and rationale for the service and criteria for evaluating service outcomes;
- expectations of clients, including homework and other preparation required for consultation sessions;
- likely costs of service;
- client’s right to withhold information and to question relevance of procedures used in service delivery;
- what will happen to any personal, assessment or evaluative information gathered in the course of service delivery;
- limits of confidentiality, including conditions under which information may be made available to other appropriately qualified professionals;
- appropriate means of complaint or redress if the client is dissatisfied with service delivery or outcomes
20
Q
Can clients waive their right to privacy by giving consent to psychologists to use their info for a secondary purpose?
A
Yes - client autonomy
21
Q
Can psychologists release de-identified client data to researchers doing approved research without clients’ consent?
A
Yes
22
Q
The professional standard of confidentiality refers to what?
A
The act of keeping professional secrets
23
Q
How far does the duty of psychologists to maintain the confidentiality of clients’ information extend?
A
- Continues after the termination of the professional relationship and even the death of clients - must take reasonable steps to protect the confidentiality of client information after they leave a specific work setting, or cease to provide services, including as a result of misfortune or their death
24
Q
What should a psych do if people who have legal authority, explicitly instruct psychologists to disclose information to an identified entity for a specific purpose and within a specified time frame?
A
Whilst psychologists should take and act on such a directive from a client, they must, in accordance with the principle of beneficence, counsel clients if they believe that the directive to disclose the information is not in the client’s best interests.
25
What should a psych do if ordered to produce records and other documents, attend the court, give oral evidence to the court, or make records and other documents available for inspection or discovery?
- Establish validity of order, and the terms, conditions and content of the required disclosure,
- Inform client
- Irrespective of whether successful in obtaining the client’s consent for the psychologist to break confidentiality, the psychologist should comply with the court’s final ruling
26
Is there general legal duty on Australian psychologists to disclose confidential information to protect others?
No, not even where clients threaten to kill or seriously injure another person. BUT There's a range of legislative provisions across the country that allow psychs to disclose confidential info in tightly defined situations. Eg. legislation in some Australian states and territories that mandates psychs to break confidentiality in circumstances where the psychologist holds a reasonable belief or suspicion that children require protection
27
Are psychs protected when reporting suspected child abuse?
All such legislation contains provisions for protecting the identity of persons reporting suspected child abuse or neglect in good faith and for indemnifying them against civil, professional, and/or criminal action for reporting the suspected abuse. Some such legislation provides for legal penalties to be imposed on persons who fail for whatever reason to report suspected child abuse or neglect.
28
Does the code give priority to certain principles above others?
Although the Code does not give priority to the Dignity principle over the Propriety or Integrity principles, that is, it does not prioritize client autonomy over nonmaleficence or fidelity, psychologists should not underestimate the importance of client autonomy Unless there are compelling reasons in the form of immediate, specified threat of harm, and the threat has been properly assessed, and consultation with senior colleagues has occurred, psychologists should respect clients’ rights to privacy and not break confidentiality.
29
According to Ross' prima facie (conditional) duty, what does fidelity take precedence over?
All other things being equal, fidelity (keeping a promise) takes precedence over other duties. In order to ensure that psychologists deliver on their promises to respect clients’ autonomy by safeguarding their privacy and maintaining confidentiality, important to make realistic promises about the limits to confidentiality and to review these contractual responsibilities on a regular basis during service delivery
30
Are clients likely to disclose less info if they are aware that health insurers may access info?
Kremer and Gesten (1998) found participants less likely to disclose info to psych when told about managed care requirements (health insurers may require inspection of case files prior to settlement of treatment claims and that the psychologist has no control over files relinquished to health insurers) than when they received a standard explanation or a standard explanation with a rationale of the limits of confidentiality.
31
What are the 3 basic guidelines for consent?
1. Informed: Includes educating clients about nature and expected duration of your contact with them, explaining fees and payment policies, detailing any potential involvement of third parties, and discussing confidentiality and its limits.
2. Voluntary: Includes the psychologist taking steps to ensure the client’s initial and continuing participation does not involve direct or indirect coercion.
3. Rational: Includes clients’ abilities to appreciate the relevance of the information presented to them and each client can make a sound judgement about participation on this basis
32
What's the best way a psychologist can communicate information to new clients?
A charter of rights
33
What are the two components of the right of privacy?
The right to guard against unjust intrusion into one's private life. The right to exercise control over the accumulation, storage, dissemination, and use of one's personal information
34
How did the amendments to the Commonwealth Privacy Act 1988 change things for psychs?
Psychologists working in the public sector were not previously bound by National Privacy Principles prior to March 2014, however they are now obliged.
35
What are the 5 sections that comprise the new set of 13 Australian Privacy Principles (APPs)?
1. Consideration of personal information
2. Collection of personal information
3. Dealing with personal information
4. Integrity of personal information
5. Access to, and correction of, personal information
36
What are some situations that may require the sharing of client's confidential information?
- Gathering history for assessment or giving feedback to next of kin - Harm to self or others - Court orders - When dealing with multiple clients eg couples / family - Payment situations (eg: Medicare)
37
What are the 4 models of confidentiality?
- Absolute (nothing is disclosed)
- Limited (at discretion of psych)
- Contractual (negotiated by a set of rules btw client and psych)
- Discretionary (decided upon by clinician)
\*Australia operates under contractual
\*\*APS recommends a negotiated, written, and signed contract.
38
What things need to be included in a confidentiality contract?
- Nature of the service
- Purpose of the service
- Estimated duration
- Costs
- Client's involvement (eg: homework)
- Risks and benefits
- Whether a report will be written
- Who will be providing the service (qualifications and experience)
- Client's right to withhold info
- Complaints procedure
- Limits of confidentiality
Also:
- what sort of info you'll collect
- purpose of collecting that info
- how info will be stored
- who will have access to info
- clients ability to access their personal info
39
In specific situations there may be an ethical or legal requirement to forgo confidentiality. The APS Guidelines on confidentiality categorise this as being one of two situations, what are they?
1) Psychologists legally obliged to disclose info 2) Psychologists legally allowed but not compelled to disclose info
40
According to the APS Guidelines, When working with clients, psychologists address several factors related to safeguarding confidentiality, which may include:
* communicating to client any potential disclosure of confidential info;
* managing sensitive and private info, including digital records;
* ensuring effective and appropriate record keeping that safeguards client info from inappropriate access;
* passwords, encryption, firewalls and specialised protection programs related to information and communication technologies; and
* responding appropriately to requests from third parties for access to client information.
41
B.5. Psychologists who agree to provide psychological services to multiple clients:
(a) explain to each client the limits to confidentiality in advance;
(b) give clients an opportunity to consider the limitations of the situation;
(c) obtain clients’ explicit acceptance of these limitations; and
(d) ensure as far as possible, that no client is coerced to accept these limitations.
42
Confidentiality and Informed Consent relate to which general principle of the Code?
A - Respect for the dignity of people and peoples
43
What should psychologists do before service commences?
* obtain informed consent from the direct recipient(s) of the service, or where necessary their parent/guardian;
* clarify who owns and has responsibility for client records;
* state how the information will be used and stored;
* explain who has access to the client record;
* clarify how information in the client record is made available (e.g., in writing, verbal feedback);
* explain what information may be shared (e.g., all or sections of the client record); and
* document the above process.
44
In circumstances where a third party has requested and/or is paying for the provision of a psychological service and the client has provided consent for the disclosure of their personal information to that third party, what must psychs do?
Establish that the client understands what information they have consented to be released and to whom. Psychologists also establish that the consent provided was contemporaneous with the third party request for client information.
45
What is the process for deciding if individual can provide informed consent?
Assessing whether he or she:
* can understand the nature of the proposed psychological service;
* can understand the benefits and risks of the proposed psychological service;
* can understand the consequences of receiving or not receiving the proposed psychological service;
* has the capacity to make an informed choice; and
* can understand the limits to confidentiality
46
Under what circumstances should psychologists disclose confidential information obtained in the course of their provision of psychological services?
(a) with the consent of the relevant client or a person with legal authority to act on behalf of the client;
(b) where there is a legal obligation to do so;
(c) if there is an immediate and specified risk of harm to an identifiable person or persons that can be averted only by disclosing information; or
(d) when consulting colleagues, or in the course of supervision or professional training, provided the psychologist: (i) conceals the identity of clients and associated parties involved; or (ii) obtains the client’s consent, and gives prior notice to the recipients of the information that they are required to preserve the client’s privacy, and obtains an undertaking from the recipients of the information that they will preserve the client’s privacy.
47
List some examples of when psychologists are legally obliged to disclose client information.
- Some states in Australia mandate psychologists to report child abuse and neglect.
- Some workplace settings require psychologists to disclose client information that affects national security.
- Some court-directed reports require disclosure of client information obtained in the psychological service.
- Psychologists working within Medicare-rebated services are obliged to send the referring GP a brief summary report about the client after six sessions.
- Psychologists may receive a subpoena which compels them to attend court and/or provide client records to the court.
48
When making a professional decision whether to disclose client information, what must you consider?
- What information to disclose,
- If client’s consent is required,
- Potential impact of disclosure on the professional relationship,
- Consequences of not disclosing,
- Whether to inform clients of a decision to disclose.
49
What should the psych tell the patient if their info is going to be disclosed?
Yes, where safety of all parties allows
Tell client:
- if info disclosed
- what info disclosed
- reasons for disclosure
- to who and when disclosed
50
What are 4 conditions that oblige psychologists to disclose confidential information?
- With consent of client
- Legal obligation
- Risk of harm
- When consulting colleagues and using concealed identities or have client consent
51
Subpeonas are court orders to do what?
Produce documents
Provide oral evidence in court
52
Does a psych have to comply with a valid subpeona?
Yes, BUT they are entitled to object to some or all of the documents requested
53
What notes can a subpeona ask for?
Not just file notes, anything that is recorded ie emails, post-it notes, diary entries etc
54
What things should you talk about with clients with regards to confidentiality?
- Get informed written consent regarding the limits to confidentiality
- Discuss foreseeable uses of information disclosed
- Advise the client if you are going to breach confidentiality
- Record all communications
55
What are the circumstances for disclosure of confidential information?
- With the consent of relevant clients / legal authority
- Where there is legal requirement (subpoena)
- If there is risk of immediate or specific harm to identified persons (which can be averted only by disclosure)
- when consulting colleagues or in the course of supervision providing clients identity concealed and client's consent is obtained.
56
What are 3 myths that continue to hold around prediction of danger?
Only people with a history of violence commit violence (myth);
Main offenders of violence are psychotic (myth)
Violence is not a predictable occurrence (myth).
57
Skeem & Monahan: What are the 5 risk factors for imminent violence? (resulting in correct ID of risk of harm roughly 70% of the time)
1. Active symptoms of serious mental illness (particularly command hallucinations)
2. Impulsivity
3. Lack of insight and/or disconnection from reality
4. Lack of empathy or remorse
5. Poor response to treatments such as anxiolytics.
58
Is paranoia a risk factor to violence?
No
59
Where did 'violence risk factors' originate?
Historical-Clinical-Risk Management–20 (HRC-20-C) scale, a brief, structured risk assessment tool intended to increase the accuracy of mental health professionals' judgements of risk of violent behaviour
Downside: excessive focus on objective measurement of risk may come at the cost of other novel assessment methods, such as implicit methods or heuristics
60
How are the items listed on the Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20 (HRC-20-C) scale arranged?
Past (historical)
Present (clinical)
Future (risk management)
61
How is risk assessment defined?
“The process of using risk factors to estimate the likelihood (i.e., probability) of an outcome occurring in a population.”
62
How is risk factor defined?
A correlate that precedes the outcome in time, with no implication that the risk factor and outcome are causally related
63
What are the 5 approaches to risk assessment categorised by Skeem and Monahan?
- Clinical judgment (none of the 4 structured component of violence risk assessment process, least clinical support)
- Standard list of risk factors (identifies risk factors)
- HCR-20 (identifies and measures risk factors)
- COVR & LSI-R (identifies, measures & combines risk factors)
- VRAG (identifies, measures, combines risk factors & produces final risk estimate)
64
What are the pros and cons of using a standard list of risk factors?
Pro: function as memory aid to help identify which risk factors to attend to in conducting assessments,
Con: does not further specify a method for measuring these risk factors.
65
Which risk assessment tool did Skeem & Monahan rank as best?
Unstructured clinical judgement method has he least empirical support, potentially leading to inaccurate prediction of violence. Also conclude that “studies provide little evidence that one validated instrument predicts violence significantly better than another” essentially being “interchangeable, with estimates of accuracy falling within a narrow band.” Skeem and Monahan argue for group-based assessments and the differentiation between risk assessment and risk reduction as a goal.
66
Skeem & Monahan: What are some of the controversies surrounding empirical assessment of risk?
- Error margins
- Lack of differentiation between instruments (suggests they all measure common factors and these factors may not necessarily be valid or reliable indicators of risk of violence)
- Potential for empirical measures to assess psychopathy and antisocial personality traits rather than risk of violence
- Dichotomous nature of risk prediction (eg violent/not violent) when a continuous measure may be more appropriate
- Differences between individual and group prediction; and the apparent confusion between the goals of risk assessment and risk reduction.
67
What are the 3 categories that suicidal clients can fall into? (Geldard & Geldard)
1. Those who are chronically ill, in chronic pain, seriously disabled, or in extreme poverty; where the common factor is hopelessness
2. Those who have suffered severe trauma and may be in a state of chronic depression
3. Those who exhibit suicidality as a 'last resort' to express their pain.
68
What must you do before you disclose suicidal intention of clients or start a treatment plan around suicide intention?
Through assessment of suicidal intentions
69
What is the framework for suicide risk assessment?
- Detection
- Engagement
- Comprehensive assessment
- Management
- Reassessment of risk
70
What percentage of those who die by suicide have had contact with a health professional prior to their death?
40%
71
What percentage of those who die by suicide have experienced a mental health condition prior to their death?
90%
72
What things need to be covered in a suicide risk assessment?
- Specific suicide plan
- Beliefs about suicide and intentions
- Access to means/method
- Relevant personal and family history / friends history of suicide
- Degree of hopelessness, depression and impulsivity
- Recent events
- Alcohol/drug use
- Resources available
- Any non-suicidal future plans
- Demographics
73
What are some demographic factors that can increase one's likelihood of suicide?
- Male and between 25 and 44 years, or over 70
- Rurality
- Member of minority group
- Migrant
74
Do demographics predict individual risk of suicide?
No, however the threshold should be lowered when conducting a risk assessment if certain demographic factors exist
75
What are some suicidility risk factors for groups of people? (Don't predict individual risk)
* Alcohol / drug abuse
* Mental health problems esp depression
* History of sexual / physical abuse
* Family discord
* Social disadvantage (Low SES, poor education, homelessness
* Homo/bisexuality
* Legal problems
* Incarceration
76
What would someone with a low risk of suicide present like? What would you do for them?
- Currently unwell, or no current problems
- Face-to-face assessment within 1 month, or within 7 days if just discharged
77
What would someone with a medium risk of suicide present like? What would you do for them?
- Currently unwell
- Face-face assessment within 1 week
78
What would you do for someone at high risk of suicide, or medium risk with low assessment confidence or high changeability?
Face-to-face assessment within 24 hours
79
Rossouw, Smythe, and Greener (2011) conducted qualitative research to investigate how psychologists cope with client suicides. What were the 3 themes they found?
1) Shock at hearing the news
2) Experiencing suicide assessment as a burden
3) Resultant professional and personal crises
80
Davis: What are characteristics of technology that can outpace professional standards and make ethical considerations more complex? Example?
Diversity and rapid development Eg. Cloud computing
81
Kampf et al (2008): Did psychologists report feeling more confident with ethical or legal requirements as to confidentiality?
Ethical
82
Davis: What are the 4 most important areas when considering psychological service delivery using technology?
- Contracts made with clients for providing service
- Competencies needed to offer technological service provision
- Confidentiality constraints
- Control of psychological practice and data access
83
What were the 2 main findings of Kampf et al (2008) study on Australian psychologists' perceptions of confidentiality?
- 89% believed they had an ethical duty to break confidentiality and disclose information to a third party when they believed the patient was dangerous
- 64% believed they have a legal duty to disclose confidential information about a patient they believe to be dangerous
84
Kampf et al (2008): To what did Kampf et al. (2008) contribute the inaccuracy in ethical vs. legal duty to report?
The confusing state of the law on confidentiality in therapeutic relationships and the prevalence of literature on the case of Tarasoff v Regents Australian psychologists confuse the difference between legally required (not in Aus) and legally permitted (yes in Aus). In the same study, psychologists reported feeling a lack of confidence in understanding the legal requirements relating to confidentiality suggesting a strong need for ongoing education and training.
85
What are some alternative options to disclosure?
- Intensify treatment or frequency of sessions
- Recommend inpatient facility
- Directly attempt to control the situation
86
What are the two releases from the APS with regard to guidelines around technology?
"Ethical guidelines for providing psychological services and products using the internet and telecommunications technologies"
"Ethical Guidelines on record keeping".
87
Stats on Australia:
... Largest nation?
How many inhabitants?
How many countries / languages?
How much migration in past 60 years?
How many Aussies born overseas?
Sixth largest nation on earth,
22 million multicultural inhabitants.
Australian citizens represent migrants or descendents from more than 200 countries speaking over 200 languages.
Across the last 60 years, planned migration has brought over 6.5 million migrants to Australia
Currently, approximately ¼ of the Australian population was born overseas
88
Where does Australia rank in terms of income per capita?
Where does Australia rank in terms of life expectancy?
In 2010, Australia had the 10th highest per capita income in the world.
2nd - however, the Australian indigenous population has life expectancy 19 years lower than non-indigenous Australians and typically a lower quality of life
89
How is culture defined?
Culture refers to the integrated values, behaviours, communications, actions, customs, and beliefs shared by a group of individuals. "Collective programming of the mind"
90
How is culture characterised?
By age, generation, sex/gender, religion or faith, sexual orientation, physical and mental abilities, socio-economic status, place of residence, or indeed any other characteristics that imply shared values and behaviours
91
Is culture learned?
Yes
92
What are the levels of culture?
Universal -\> National -\> Interpersonal -\> Personal
93
How is culture like an iceberg?
Observable: Behaviours -\> Results Invisible: Beliefs -\> Values -\> Thinking -\> Emotions
94
What do Sue, Arrendono, and McDavis (1992) argue a a culturally skilled [professional] is?
One who is actively in the process of becoming aware of his or her own assumptions about human behaviour, values, biases, preconceived notions, [and] personal limitations. Such self-awareness is a prelude to developing sensitivity to and respect for clients’ cultural diversity.
95
How is 'attitudes' summarised with relation to cultural proficiency?
Moving from being culturally unaware to knowing your personal beliefs about cultures; awareness of how your own cultural assumptions affect your work; willingness to monitor personal biases and their impact; appreciation of multiculturalism as opposed to ethnocentrism.
96
How is 'knowledge' summarised with relation to cultural proficiency?
Understanding of own worldview and heritage; understanding of others’ worldview; understanding of sociopolitical influences such as oppression, discrimination, and stereotyping; knowledge about historical practices, norms and traditions in specific cultural groups with which you work; understanding where to seek further information.
97
How is 'skills' summarised with relation to cultural proficiency?
Competent practitioner of varied skills and interventions to engage and assist diverse clients; willing and able to explain psychology to people from varied cultures; skills are not culture-bound but are adaptable to be consistent with diverse clients' life experiences and cultural values; appreciates the importance of verbal and non-verbal communication; able to work ethically with interpreters.
98
If you are 'culturally proficient', do you have the attitudes, knowledge, and skills required to work with every individual you meet from every different cultural group?
No - a culturally proficient professional appreciates cultural diversity and is open to seeking and learning information where opportunities arise.
99
The Queensland Government’s 2010 practice paper entitled “Working with people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds” suggests that culturally inclusive practice starts with appreciating which 5 building blocks?
- Everyone has a cultural identity, however it is not always recognised or defined by the person themselves. Sometimes, culture is seen simply as 'just the way we do things'.
- Culture and cultural identity are dynamic and constantly changing.
- While culture plays an important role in influencing beliefs, values and behaviour, there are a number of other factors that are also important … Given these other factors, there are differences within any culture.
- People may be influenced by, and identify with, more than one culture or cultural group.
- It is the choice of the individual as to which culture they identify with regardless of their cultural background
100
What are some of the guidelines released by the APS that have explicit or implicit relevance to professionals working with diverse cultural groups?
- Ethical guidelines for the provision of psychological services for, and the conduct of research with, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
- Ethical guidelines for psychological practice with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients
- Ethical guidelines for working with older adults
- Ethical guidelines for psychological practice in rural and remote settings
- Ethical guidelines on working with sex and/or gender diverse clients
- Ethical guidelines for psychological practice with women and girls
- Ethical guidelines for working with young people
- Ethical guidelines on providing pro bono or voluntary psychological services
101
What does NESB stand for?
Non-English speaking background
102
Which overarching ethical principle does working with interpreters fall under?
B: Propriety
103
What are the 4 models of interpreting?
- Linguistic - word-for-word, neutral
- Psychotherapeutic/constructionist - the meaning/feeling of words is most important
- Advocate/community interpreter
- Cultural broker/bicultural worker - interprets not only the spoken word but also relevant cultural and contextual variables
104
Why should psychologists be cautious in the use and interpretation of psychometric tests?
They may not have been adapted for the population from which the client originates. Adaptation includes back translation, measures of equivalence of construct, reliability, validity and norming
105
What is a refugee?
Someone who flees their home country for refuge or safety and is now without a home
106
What is an asylum seeker?
Someone who has left their home country seeking sanctuary but their claim is yet to be assessed
107
What are some common long-term effects of torture and trauma?
- cognitive impairment;
- chronic pain and poor mobility, difficulties in walking;
- mutilation of body parts, and subsequent scars or disfigurement;
- sexual and gynaecological dysfunction;
- loss of trust and meaning;
- diminished capacity to trust others;
- sensitivity to injustice;
- jumbled moral concepts;
- identity confusion or disruption;
- grief and loss; and
- mistrust in, or fear of, authority (Murray, Davidson, & Schweitzer, 2008).
108
What are 3 unique practices professionals develop for working with people experiencing poverty?
- Addressing power dynamics
- Managing boundaries
- Addressing external stressors
109
What was one way that Borges' (2014) participants changed their conceptualisation of appropriate boundaries?
By giving food or money to clients experiencing poverty
110
What is practice or praxis?
The act of doing something based on theory and reflection (or in Aristotelian terms practical wisdom, i.e. phronesis) According to Aristotle, praxis is informed by a moral disposition to act rightly with a concern to further human wellbeing and the good life. Phronesis requires an understanding of other people in context.
111
Who is the modern advocate of reflective practice\>
Donald Schon (1987)
112
What are the two forms of critical reflection that Schon (1987) suggests that practitioners, such as psychologists, should engage in?
Reflection in Action - Artful doing - occurs in the moment when tacit knowledge informs a decision that cannot be solved by the application of routine or standard solutions or rules eg. A client raises an unexpected topic and the therapist responds using concepts from a similar past case, their ‘toolkit’.
Reflection on Action - Occurs post event with the luxury of time to cogitate and hindsight eg. A therapist mentally re-runs a recent therapy session, analyses the steps taken and evaluates the impact on the client.
113
What is reflective practice?
Practitioner's ability to assess, make sense of, and learn through work experience to achieve more desirable, effective, and satisfying work.
114
What are some of the barriers to reflective practice?
- Avoiding thinking about an experience because it's uncomfortable
- Failing to acknowledge your true feelings
- Failing to see how your behaviour could have affected others
- Failing to accept constructive criticism
115
What are the 4 steps of reflective writing?
1. Identification - select a significant experience
2. Description - thoughts and feelings
3. Significance - derive personal meaning
4. Implications - how did it impact you?
116
What is an autoethnographic ethic?
A diary of self-reflection which is often used in the training of health professionals
117
These standard occur under which subheading?
A.1.1. Psychologists avoid discriminating unfairly against people on the basis of age, religion, sexuality, ethnicity, gender, disability, or any other basis proscribed by law.
A.1.2. Psychologists demonstrate an understanding of the consequences for people of unfair discrimination and stereotyping related to their age, religion, sexuality, ethnicity, gender, or disability.
A.1.3. Psychologists assist their clients to address unfair discrimination or prejudice that is directed against the clients (p. 11).
Justice
