Module 4: Adverse Reactions and Immune Defects

Question 1

Primary immunodeficiency

Answer 1

-congenital
-derived from a genetic or development defect leading to abnormal maturation of immune system

Question 2

Types of primary immunodeficiency

Answer 2

-b-cell deficiencies
-t-cell deficiencies
-complement deficiencies
-phagocytic deficiencies
-combined T and B cell deficiencies

Question 3

Secondary immunodeficiencies

Answer 3

-result from environmental factors affecting and compromising the immune system

Question 4

Types of secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 4

-chemotherapy
-chronic infection
-immunosuppressive medication
-cancer

Question 5

B-cell deficiency

Answer 5

-dysfunctional B lymphocytes or a decrease in their prevalence

Question 6

T-cell deficiency

Answer 6

-dysfunctional T lymphocytes or a decrease in prevalence
-increase susceptibility to viruses, protozoans and fungi

Question 7

Complement deficiency

Answer 7

-intricate regulation of nine components
-prone to frequent severe bacterial infections and complications arising from inability to clear immune complexes

Question 8

Phagocytic deficiency

Answer 8

-can appear at various stages of the process
-bacterial and fungal infections are frequent and severe

Question 9

Combined T and B cell deficiency

Answer 9

-dysfunction and/or low numbers of lymphocytes
-infections that cause mild diseases may be life threatening

Question 10

Secondary immunodeficiency AIDS acquired

Answer 10

-cannot be inherited

Question 11

Modes of transmission of HIV

Answer 11

-sexual intercourse
-heterosexual sex
-vertical transmission to children
-non-sterile injections of drugs

Question 12

HIV primary infection

Answer 12

-most people have effective immune response for first couple of weeks and then immune system gets compromised

Question 13

HIV acute infection

Answer 13

-targets and infects CD4 cells which causes a drastic decrease in level of these and level of virus in blood increases
-2-4 weeks after infection symptoms usually appear
-high transmission risk

Question 14

HIV chronic infection

Answer 14

-HIV continues to multiply and most people do not experience infection but transmission is still possible

Question 15

AIDS

Answer 15

-CD4 helper T cells get depleted
-patients are diagnosed with AIDS if there T cell count is below 200 cells/mm3

Question 16

How long do AIDS patients typically survive for

Answer 16

-3 years

Question 17

Antiretroviral therapy

Answer 17

-does not kill or cure HIV but prevents it from replicating
-uses panel of antiretroviral to prevent drug resistance

Question 18

Screening techniques for immunodeficiencies

Answer 18

-complete blood counts
-quantitative serum immunoglobin

Question 19

Complete blood counts

Answer 19

-show how many of each cell type are present in a small sample of blood which is then compared to healthy range

Question 20

Quantitative serum immunoglobin

Answer 20

-measures levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM in blood serum and compare them to a control
-urine protein electrophoresis

Question 21

Autoimmunity

Answer 21

-sometimes immune system initiates a reaction in response to its own cells

Question 22

Autoimmune disease

Answer 22

-failure of an organ to distinguish self from non self causes the immune system to initiate a response against its own cells and tissues

Question 23

Organ specific autoimmune diseases

Answer 23

-involve an immune response that is directed to an antigen that is unique to a single organ or gland

Question 24

Most common organs affected by autoimmune diseases

Answer 24

-thyroid gland
-adrenal gland
-stomach
-pancreas

Question 25

Graves disease

Answer 25

-autoimmune disease that frequently leads to overactivity of thyroid gland

Question 26

Systemic autoimmune diseases

Answer 26

-immune response s directed towards a broad range of antigens that are characteristic of a number of organs and tissues

Question 27

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 27

-typically presents as chronic inflammation of joints, other organ systems can also be affected

Question 28

Immunosuppression

Answer 28

-suppress or reduce the strength of the bodies immune response

Question 29

Immunosuppresents and organ transplants

Answer 29

-after transplantation the body recognizes the new organ as a foreign object and immune system will initiate a response against it -used to reduce this risk of rejection

Question 30

Immunosuppresive drugs

Answer 30

-corticosteroids -cytotoxic drugs -immunophilins -lyphocytes depleting therapies

Question 31

Corticosteroids action

Answer 31

-anti-inflammatory -kills T-cells

Question 32

Corticosteroids example

Answer 32

-prednisone -provides relief for inflamed areas of the body

Question 33

Cytotoxic drugs action

Answer 33

-blocks cell division nonspecifically

Question 34

Cytotoxic drugs example

Answer 34

-cyclophosphamide and methotrexate -treats cancer by slowing or stopping cell growth

Question 35

Immunophilins action

Answer 35

-blocks T-cell responses

Question 36

Immunophilins example

Answer 36

-cyclosporine -used to prevent rejection in those receiving a transplanted organ

Question 37

Lymphocyte-depleting therapies action

Answer 37

-kills T cells non-specifically -kills activated T-cells

Question 38

Lymphocyte-depleting therapies

Answer 38

-monoclonal antibodies -used to prevent acute rejection in organ transplantation

Question 39

Side effects of immunophilin

Answer 39

-nephrotoxicity -hypertension -hirsutism -hypertrichosis -gingual hyperplasia

Question 40

Cytotoxic drugs side effects

Answer 40

-nausea -vomiting -loss of appetite -stomach ache -diarrhea -darkening of skin/nails

Question 41

Side effects of methotrexate

Answer 41

-nausea -vomiting -hair loss -tiredness -dizziness -chills -headache -mouth sores -sores in lungs -increased risk of skin infection

Question 42

Corticosteroids side effects

Answer 42

-osteoporosis -hirsutism -hypertrichosis -diabetogenic

Question 43

Latent infections most common pathogens

Answer 43

-TB -HSV1/2 -CMV -EBV -VZV

Question 44

Opportunistic infections

Answer 44

-reactivation of a pathogen that is already present in the host -can arise from bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi

Question 45

Fungal opportunistic infections

Answer 45

-PCP -cryptococcosis -candidiasis -aspergillosis

Question 46

Parasitic opportunistic infections

Answer 46

-toxoplasmosis

Question 47

Bacterial opportunistic infections

Answer 47

-tuberculosis -MAC

Question 48

Viral opportunistic infections

Answer 48

-cytomegalovirus -herpes simplex virus -varicella zoster virus -mononucleosis

Question 49

Type 1 hypersensitivities

Answer 49

-immediate/anaphylactic -can be immediate and lead to death in as little as a minute

Question 50

Type 1 primary exposure

Answer 50

-allergen induces humoural immune response where there is an excessive amount of IgE antibodies which bind to mass cells and neutrophils

Question 51

Type 1 secondary exposure

Answer 51

-membrane-bound IgE cross-links with allergen which initiates the degranulations of basophils and mast cells, releasing vasoactive mediators causing vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction

Question 52

Clinical manifestation of type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 52

-allergic rhinitis -atopic dermatitis -asthma -hives

Question 53

Type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 53

-antibody mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity -takes minutes to hours to develop

Question 54

Clinical manifestation of type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 54

-drug induced hemolytic anemia -transfusion reactions

Question 55

Type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 55

-immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity -takes hours to days or weeks -inflammatory

Question 56

Clinical manifestation of type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 56

-serum sickness -edema and pain

Question 57

Type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 57

-cell-mediated or delayed type hypersensitivity -takes 2-3 days to develop after exposure

Question 58

Clinical manifestation of type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 58

-inflammatory bowel disease -contact dermatitis

Question 59

During anaphylaxis, what is secreted by mast cells

Answer 59

-histamines

Question 60

Autoantibody

Answer 60

-antibody produced by the immune system that is directed against a self antigen

Question 61

What dysfunction of the immune system includes autoantibodies

Answer 61

-autoimmunity