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MICR 270 > Module 5: Vaccines and Translational Immunology > Flashcards

Module 5: Vaccines and Translational Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Immunological techniques

A

-ELISA
-flow cytometry
-monoclonal antibodies

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2
Q

ELISA

A

-bottom of wells coated with antigen specific to antibody you want to measure
-wash
-primary antibody is added and if present will bind to antigens
-wash
-secondary antibody is added and will bind to Fc portion of primary antibodies already present
-wash
-enzyme substrate added to well and produces coloured product if antibodies are present

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3
Q

What does ELISA measure

A

-coloured reaction product by absorbance
-detects presence of antibodies

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4
Q

Flow cytometry

A

-laser light is scattered after being passed through stream of cells
-the way the light is scattered is unique to each cell type

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5
Q

What does flow cytometry measure

A

-used to measure physical properties of a cell or specific antigens in a cell
-can also measure total number of cells in suspension, the type and the overall composition

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6
Q

Clinical application of flow cytometry

A

-can be used to diagnose cancer by detecting DNA aneuploidy

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7
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

-created in a lab
-immortal cells that produce unlimited quantities of one identical antibody

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8
Q

What do monoclonal antibodies measure

A

-immunotoxins
-radiolabelled antibodies

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9
Q

Clinical application of monoclonal antibodies

A

-can be produced for defence against specific diseases and cancer

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10
Q

Types of vaccines

A

-live attenuated vaccines
-killed-inactivated vaccines
-toxoid vaccines
-subunit vaccines

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11
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

A

-modified strain of the disease-causing agent which had lost its pathogenic ability
-provides prolonged exposure to disease
-but has a potential to revert to virulent form

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12
Q

Examples of live attenuated vaccines

A

-smallpox
-oral poliovirus
-measles

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13
Q

Killed-inactivated vaccine

A

-contains a strain of the disease causing agent that has been inactivated by heat, chemicals or radiation
-safer option because it cannot mutate to virulent form
-but generally requires multiple booster doses

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14
Q

Examples of killed-inactivated vaccines

A

-rabies
-flu

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15
Q

Toxoid vaccine

A

-contains an inactivated toxin that is a product of the pathogen
-safe because it is not a living organism that can spread
-may require several doses

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16
Q

Examples of toxoid vaccines

A

-tetanus
-diphtheria

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17
Q

Subunit vaccine

A

-contains only a small part or fragment of the disease-causing agent
-safest type and can be used on immunocomprimised, pregnant and elderly people
-usually doesnt give long lasting protection

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18
Q

Examples of the subunit vaccine

A

-hepatitis B

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19
Q

mRNA vaccines

A

-most recent vaccine type

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20
Q

mRNA vaccine production

A

-made in the lab from a DNA template of the virus
-encodes an antigen of the virus and then is administered as a vaccine

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21
Q

mRNA host cell

A

-once inside the body, mRNA enters host cell and uses host cell machinery to produce spike protein

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22
Q

mRNA APC

A

-newly formed spike protein exits cell and is recognized by antigen presenting cell
-then displays antigen on surface of the cell

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23
Q

mRNA immune response

A

-antigen is recognized by T helped cell and initiated immune response

24
Q

Antiviral medications against COVID

A

-polymerase inhibitor
-protease inhibitor

25
Ebola vaccines
-uses glycoproteins from ebola and puts them into live attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatis vaccine (VSV)
26
Phases of vaccine developement
-lab studies -preclinical studies -clinical phase 1 -clinical phase 2 -clinical phase 3 -health canada approval
27
Challenges with vaccine development
-cost -cold chain -continuous monitoring -gold standard
28
Challenges with influenza virus development
-neuroaminidase antigen -haemagglutinin antigen
29
Neuroaminidase
-surface protein that removes sialic acid from cell surfaces and enables new viral copies to infect spread to other cells
30
Haemagglutinin antigen
-binds to sialic acid on cell surface glycoproteins and leads to endocytosis of virus
31
Cancer cell vs normal cell
-cancer cells do not need specific growth factors and do not respond to stop signals
32
Tumour
-cancer cells continue to grow until forming abnormal masses of tissue
33
Cancer immunotherapy
-aimed at enhancing host antitumour immune responses
34
Benign tumour
-not cancerous
35
Malignant tumour
-cancerous and can metastasize
36
Metastasis
-colonization by tumour cells of sites different from primary site of origin
37
Cancer immunity cycle
-release of cancer cell antigens: indicate that they are not healthy cells and the immune system is able to recognize the antigens -cells of the immune system capture them and travel to T cells in lymph nodes -primary activation: T cells are activated and immune response is initiated -trafficking of T-cells to tumours: activated T cells move through the blood vessels to site of tumour -infiltration of T cells: invade tumour to attack it -recognition of cancer cells by T cells: T cells recognize cancer cells because of antigen they had previously released -T cells initiate a pathway that results in cancer cell death
38
Immunosurveillance
-tumour cells are identified and kept under control by immune system of healthy individuals
39
Immunoediting
-elimination -equilibrium -escape
40
Cancer immunoediting phase 1
-elimination: NK cells, cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells recognize and eliminate tumour cell
41
Cancer immunoediting phase 2
-equilibrium: if not eliminated, they enter a state of equilibrium where cell starts to kill immune system -can last for a short time or for years
42
Cancer immunoediting phase 3
-escape: cells are no longer recognized by immune system and can avoid elimination, they can grow uncontrolled and form a tumour
43
Evasion of immune response by cancer cells mechanisms
-reduced MHC expression -poor costimulatory molecules
44
Reduced MHC expression
-cancer cells display low levels of MHC on cell surface so that they cannot be recognized
45
Poor costimulatory molecules
-tumours lack there so T cells can only be partially activated
46
Advantages of cancer immunotherapy
-able to attack cancerous cells throughout all organs in body -allows immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells without damaging healthy cells resulting in fewer side effects -takes advantage of immunological memory, allowing for possibility of long term protection -can be applied to almost any types of cancer
47
Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)
-prognostic biomarker in some cancers -can leave blood stream and migrate to infiltrate tumour under the influence of chemokines
48
T cell inflamed "hot" tumours
-show higher CD8 TILs and interferon genes -usually respond well to treatment
49
T cell non-inflamed "cold" tumours
-lower CD8 TILs and interferon genes -usually show an inferior response to treatment
50
Cold tumour treatment
-one could convert cold tumours to hot tumours by stimulating tumour interferon activity
51
Immunoscore
-measures density/numbers of T cells in the center and at the periphery of the tumour by immunochemistry
52
Immunoscore application
-can help stratify patients as having high or low risk cancers and aid in developing treatment plans
53
Immunoscore steps
-separate tumour in central and peripheral regions -stain for T cells and conduct digital pathology -assign a score to the tumour to relate it with an associated diagnosis or risk attribution
54
Hybridoma cell
-perpetual source of antibodies against one antigen -secrete one identical antibody
55
Immunohistochemistry
-how you derive immunoscore
56
VLP (virus like particle) vaccines
-composed of viral structural proteins that structurally resemble human papillomavirus (HPV)

MICR 270 (5 decks)

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