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MICR 270 > Module 2: Branches of the Immune System > Flashcards

Module 2: Branches of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Immune barrier

A

-physical
-soluble
-cellular

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2
Q

Inflammation of innate immunity function

A

-1st immune response event following the breach of a physical barrier by a pathogen

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3
Q

Pattern recognition of innate immunity definition

A

-recognized general patterns not specific for any one antigen

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4
Q

Physical barrier

A

-made of every structure located at the interface between the inside and the outside of the body

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5
Q

Cellular barrier

A

-made of various different cells

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6
Q

Soluble barrier

A

-made of macromolecules which contribute to the mediation of an innate response

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7
Q

Physical components of the physical barrier

A

-skin
-mucous membranes covering respiratory, gastrointenstinal, urinary and reproductive tracts

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8
Q

Chemical components of the physical barrier

A

-tears and saliva
-gastric acid

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9
Q

Cells of the cellular barrier

A

-neutrophils
-macrophages
-dendritic cells
-natural killer cells

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10
Q

Neutrophils

A

-most common
-phagocytes that engulf pathogens
-recruited to the site of infection by resident macrophages

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11
Q

Macrophages

A

-phagocytes that patrol the body to engulf pathogens
-contribute to tissue repair and present antigens to other immune cells such as T cells

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12
Q

Dendritic cells

A

-phagocytes that are often in contact with external environment
-present antigens on cell surface
-major link between innate and adaptive immunity

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13
Q

Natural killer cells

A

-recognize abnormal cells and destroy them such as tumours and viruses
-bind to target cell and release chemicals lysing the cell membrane

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14
Q

The soluble barrier parts

A

-complement system
-cytokines

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15
Q

Complement system components

A

-30 soluble proteins that circulate in the blood
-activated by presence of extracellular pathogens

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16
Q

Complement system functions

A

-inflammation
-phagocytosis
-membrane attack complex

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17
Q

What are cytokines

A

-small proteins secreted by various immune cells in response to a number of different stimuli
-chemical mediators for cell to cell communication

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18
Q

Cytokines function

A

-autocrine
-paracrine
-endocrine
-pro-inflammatory
-anti-inflammatory

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19
Q

Inflammation characterization

A

-redness
-swelling
-heat
-pain

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20
Q

Inflammation purpose

A

-bodys attempt at self protection and to localize and eliminate the pathogen in an effort to stop it from spreading and remove damaged tissue

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21
Q

Major events of inflammation

A

-breach
-vasodilation
-permeabilization
-extravasion
-phagocytosis

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22
Q

Breach

A

-pathogens breach the physical barrier

23
Q

Vasodilation

A

-increase in blood vessel diameter

24
Q

Permeabilization

A

-allows accumulation of excess fluid called exudate
-exudate: pro inflammatory cytokines and complement proteins that attract key cells to site of infection

25
Extravasion
-chemotactic factors released by cells during the vasodilation induce the recruitment of more immune cells to the site of infection by way of chemotaxis
26
Phagocytosis
-macrophages and dendritic cells engulf pathogens
27
PRR
-capable of recognizing repeated molecular patterns of pathogens
28
Molecular pattern
-pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) which are expressed on surface of or found inside pathogens
29
PAMP
-molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by immune cells which include functional structures of a pathogen & repeated sequences of protein, glycoprotein, lipoprotein, amino acids etc
30
DAMP
-molecules released by stressed cells undergoing necrosis which are host biomolecules, indicate damage to the body, and initiate an inflammatory response
31
Toll-like receptor
-class of PRRs -upon activation they initiate transcription of genes encoding for inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, costimulatory molecules -they contribute to the activation of the innate immune cells which increase ability of phagocytes to engulf pathogens
32
Toll like receptor function
-sense presence of an infection through recognition and engulf by the phagocytic cell -after engulfing, the cell will present pieces of the pathogen on its cell surface -antigen presenting cell will also increase its production of costimulatory molecules -an immunocompetent naive t cell will bind to the peptide and initiate an adaptive immune response
33
Cells involved in phagocytosis
-neutrophil -macrophages -dendritic cell
34
Steps of phagocytosis
-attachment -ingestion -fusion -digestion -release
35
Adaptive immune system main function
-specificity -diversity
36
Components of the adaptive
-humoural immunity: b cells and antibodies -cell mediated immunity: t cells
37
B cell characteristics
-mature in bone marrow -b cell receptor -antibody factory
38
Subsets of B cell
-plasmocyte: effector cell -memory b cell: memory cell
39
T cell characteristics
-mature in the thymus -t cell receptor -cytotoxic activity or help the activation of immune response
40
Subsets of T cell
-CD4 helper: effector cell, helps the activation of the adaptive immune response -CD8 cytotoxic: effector cell, kills infected cells -memory: memory cells, express TCR and CD4 or CD8 on their cell surface
41
To induce cell mediated immunity
-Th cells will differentiate into Th1
42
To induce humoural immunity
-Th cells will differentiate into Th2
43
What is an antibody
-large y shaped protein that is highly specific -also called an immunoglobin
44
Where do antibodies come from
-surface antibodies: membrane bound on b cells -soluble antibodies: secreted by b cells
45
Basic structure of human immunoglobins
-2 heterodimeric proteins that are held together by disulfide bonds
46
Chains that immunoglobins contain
-2 light chains -2 heavy chains -2 antigen binding regions -1FC region
47
Immunoglobulins
-IgM -IgG -IgA -IgE -IgD
48
IgM
-first antibody to be formed in an immune response -activates complement system
49
IgG
-coats pathogens to promote phagocytosis -only one that can cross placental barrier
50
IgA
-first line of defence -predominant antibody class located in mucosal membranes
51
IgE
-produced in excess during allergic reactions -has a role in immunity against certain parasites
52
IgD
-found in large quantity on surface of mature B cells -function is unclear but thought to play a role in B cell development
53
Example of PAMP
-lipopolysaccaride (LPS) -peptidoglycan -flagellin -viral nucleic acids
54
Example of PRR
-TLR4

MICR 270 (5 decks)

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