Module 4: Anatomy of the Heart and Vessels

Question 1

Cardiovascular System (3)

Answer 1

1) Closed Circulatory System
a) Fluid contents are pumped from the heart throughout the body and then back to the heart

2) Cardio = heart

3) Vascular = vessels

Question 2

Cardiovascular System functions (3)

Answer 2

1) Transportation
a) Gases, nutrients, wastes

2) Prevents loss of blood from ruptured vessels

3) Helps fight off pathogens with circulating cells

Question 3

Heart location (2)

Answer 3

1) Pericardial cavity:
a) Anterior of the mediastinum

2) Between the pleural cavities

Question 4

Heart layers (3)

Answer 4

1) Pericardium (tough outer layer)
a) Protects the heart, anchors to the diaphragm
b) Endothelium with lubricating fluid

2) Myocardium
a) Cardiac muscle
b) Contractile layer

3) Endocardium
a) Continuous with blood vessel linings

Question 5

Heart chambers (3)

Answer 5

1) Septum
a) Separates left and right

2) 2 Atria
a) Upper receiving chambers
b) Smaller, thinner

3) 2 Ventricles
a) Lower, sending chambers
b) Larger, thicker

Question 6

Fossa Ovalis (3)

Answer 6

1) Place of opening between the atria in developing fetuses

2) Allows fetal blood to move directly between the atrium, bypassing the lungs

3) Closes during birth

Question 7

View of interior of heart (memorize)

Answer 7

Question 8

Valves (2)

Answer 8

1) Regulate the flow of blood through the heart
a) One way

2) Pulmonary valve
a) Leaving RV (Right ventricle) into pulmonary trunk

Question 9

Aortic valve (2)

Answer 9

1) Leaving left ventricle (LV) into aorta

2) Stronger because of increased pressure from left ventricle

Question 10

Tricuspid valve

Answer 10

From Right Atrium into Right Ventricle

Question 11

Mitral valve (bicuspid)

Answer 11

1) From Left Atrium into Left Ventricle

Question 12

Superior view of the valves (memorize)

Answer 12

Question 13

Bloodflow Through The Heart Pathway (6)

Answer 13

1) Right atrium through tricuspid valve

2) Right ventricle through pulmonary valve

3) Pulmonary trunk - pulmonary arteries

4) Lungs - Pulmonary veins to left atrium

5) Bicuspid valve to left ventricle

6) Aortic valve to the aorta to the body

Question 14

Anatomy of the Vessels - Components (5)

Answer 14

1) Arteries

2) Arterioles (smaller arteries)

3) Capillaries (gas exchanges)

4) Venules (small veins)

5) Veins

Question 15

Arteries (4)

Answer 15

1) Carry blood away from the heart

2) Elastic, thick walled

3) Larger arteries expand and recoil to help the heart pump blood through the body

4) Palpable pulses

Question 16

Arterioles (4)

Answer 16

1) Small arteries

2) Constricted and dilated by muscles controlled by the autonomic nervous system

3) Contraction: increased blood pressure

4) Relaxation: dilates, decreases blood pressure

Question 17

Arterioles and Peripheral Resistance

Answer 17

1) Variation in blood pressure

2) Depends on the external and internal conditions of the body

Question 18

Veins (5)

Answer 18

1) Thinner walled

2) No pulse

3) Compliance
a) Stretch with little to no recoil

4) Store largest amount of blood

5) Contain valves that open toward the heart

Question 19

Lumen

Answer 19

Opening of vessels (arteries and veins)

Question 20

Tunica externa (2)

Answer 20

1) Superficial layer

2) Anchors vessels to surrounding structures

Question 21

Tunica media (3)

Answer 21

1) External elastic membrane

2) Middle smooth muscle

3) Inner elastic membrane

Question 22

Tunica intima (2)

Answer 22

1) Subendothelial layer

2) Endothelium

Question 23

Capillaries (3)

Answer 23

1) Formed from narrow tubes of arterioles and venules

2) Ultra thin

3) Interconnected to form capillary beds
a) Perform the exchange of materials

Question 24

Blood supply to the heart itself (2)

Answer 24

1) Right and Left Coronary Arteries
a) Arise from the base of the aorta

2) Supply oxygen to the heart tissue itself

Question 25

Left Coronary Artery (2)

Answer 25

1) Left side of the heart

2) Branches
a) Anterior interventricular branch
b) Circumflex branch

Question 26

Right Coronary Artery (2)

Answer 26

1) Right side of the heart

2) Branches
a) Marginal artery
b) Posterior interventricular artery

Question 27

Systemic Blood Flow (to the body) (4)

Answer 27

1) Aorta

2) Aortic Arch

3) Descending aorta
a) Thoracic aorta (above diaphragm)
b) Abdominal aorta (below diaphragm)

4) Many branches throughout to supply body tissues

Question 28

Venus Blood flow (3) (gathering de-oxygenated blood)

Answer 28

1) Inferior Vena Cava - from lower body

2) Superior Vena Cava - from upper body

3) Returned to Right Atrium

Question 29

Brachiocephalic trunk (2)

Answer 29

1) First branch off aorta

2) Supples blood to right arm and neck

Question 30

Left Common Carotid

Answer 30

Second branch off Aortic Arch

Question 31

Right Common Carotid

Answer 31

Branch off Brachiocephalic Trunk

Question 32

Left Subclavian Artery

Answer 32

Third branch off Aortic Arch

Question 33

Right Subclavian Artery

Answer 33

Branch off Brachiocephalic Trunk

Question 34

Vein characteristics (Major Blood Vessels) (5)

Answer 34

1) Return blood from different parts of the body

2) Become larger and larger

3) Usually parallel the named artery

4) Into Superior or Inferior Vena Cava

5) Right Atrium

Question 35

Anterior view of heart with major branches (memorize)

Answer 35

Question 36

Circle of Willis (3)

Answer 36

1) Blood supply to the brain

2) The Cerebral Arterial Circle

3) Provides alternate circulation to the brain in case one of the arteries becomes blocked

Question 37

Circle of Willis components (6)

Answer 37

1) Vertebral arteries
a) Rise along the sides of the spinal cord
b) Join to form Basilar artery

2) Posterior Cerebral arteries

3) Internal carotid arteries terminate in the left and right middle cerebral arteries

4) Anterior cerebral arteries
a) Branches off the middle cerebral arteries

5) Posterior communicating arteries
a) Connects the internal carotid to the posterior cerebral artery

6) Anterior communicating arteries
a) Connects anterior cerebral arteries

Question 38

Circle of Willis graphic (Memorize)

Answer 38