Module 4 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards
<p>What vessels transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?</p>
<p>Pulmonary arteries</p>
<p>What vessels transport deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?</p>
<p>Pulmonary veins</p>
<p>Do sponges have tissues?</p>
<p>They lack true tissues (and thus no organs)</p>
<p>How is a kangaroo able to jump at higher intensities without expenditure of too much energy?</p>
<p>By relying on the elastic snapping of tendons in the legs. It exerts as much energy technically at lower levels of hopping than faster ones</p>
<p>What is TSH?</p>
<p>Thyroid stimulating hormone</p>
<p>What does the thyroid hormone do?</p>
<p>Stimulates release of thyroid oxygen consumption and heat production in all nearby body tisues</p>
<p>Five types of epithelial tissue?</p>
<p>Stratified squamous epithelium Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium Simple squamous epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Cuboidal epithelium</p>
<p>Where is cuboidal epithelium found? How does it structure play into its role?</p>
<p>With diced-shaped cells specialised for secretion,it makes up tubules for many glands including the kidney tubules, thyroid glands and salivary glands</p>
<p>Where are simple columnar epithelium found?</p>
<p>Where active absorption is most important, such as in the intestines</p>
<p>Where is simple squamous epithelium found?</p>
<p>The single layer of platelike cells form a simple squamous epithelium found in thin membrane-exchange areas, such as blood vessels and the lungs</p>
<p>Were is stratified squamous epithelium found? What is so special about it?</p>
<p>It is multilayered and regenerates rapidly. Found on areas subject to abrasion, such as the skin, mouth, anus and vagina</p>
<p>Where are stratified squamous epithelium cells regenerated?</p>
<p>Near the basal layer</p>
<p>What does polarity of epithelia mean?</p>
<p>All epithelia have two different sides;the apical surface faces the lumen (cavity) and is exposed to fluid or air. The other side is the basal layer.</p>
<p>What are mostly found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?</p>
<p>Fibroblasts and macrophages</p>
<p>What do fibroblasts do?</p>
<p>Secrete fibre proteins</p>
<p>Three stages of cell signalling?</p>
<p>1. Reception
2. Transduction
3. Response</p>
<p>What is endocrine signalling?</p>
<p>Secreted molecules (hormones) diffuse into the blood stream, circulate, and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body</p>
<p>What is synaptic signalling?</p>
<p>Secreted molecules (neurotransmitters) diffuse across a synapse, triggering a response in cells of the targeted tissue</p>
<p>What is neuroendocrine signalling?</p>
<p>Secreted molecules (neurohormones) diffuse into the blood stream, circulate, and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body</p>
<p>What is paracrine signalling?</p>
<p>Secreted molecules (local regulators) diffuse locally through the ECF, triggering a response in neighbouring cells</p>
<p>What is autocrine signalling?</p>
<p>Secreted molecules (local regulatorS) diffuse locally, triggering a response in the cell which secreted them</p>
<p>What is endocrine signalling?</p>
<p>Secreted molecules (hormones) diffuse into the blood stream, circulate, and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body.</p>
<p>How do animals manager their internal environment?</p>
<p>By regulating their internal environment despite external functioning
OR
Allowing internal condition to conform to the external environment
</p>
<p>Is homeostasis dependent of independent of conditions in the external environment?</p>
<p>Independent </p>
Three types of hormones?
Polypeptides, steroids and amines
How to distinguish types of hormones?
Whether it’s water-soluble (hydrophilic) or lipid-soluble (hydrophobic)
Are Amines hydophilic or hydrophobic?
Can be either
Are Steroids hydophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
Are Polypeptides hydophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic
How are water-soluble hormones released from the secretory cell?
Via exocytosis
How are lipid-soluble hormones released from the secretory cell?
Via passive diffusion
How are water-soluble hormones transported in the blood?
Just as they are
How are lipid-soluble hormones transported in the blood?
With transport proteins
Where do water-soluble hormones connect with the receptor protein in the target cell? What happens from then?
Connects with the receptor protein at the membrane, then goes to the nucleus for gene regulation
Where do lipid-soluble hormones connect with the receptor protein in the target cell? What happens from then?
It diffuses the cell membrane and goes straight to the nucleus where it attaches to a receptor protein, couples inside for gene regulation and so further to a cytoplasmic response
What type of receptor response does adreneline have?
A G-protein coupled receptor response
What protein inhibits or promotes glycogen breakdown?
Protein kinase A
Is Adreneline water or lipid soluble?
Water
Is oestradiol water or lipid soluble?
Lipid
What do thyroid hormones do?
Regulate homeostasis and development
What type of receptor does Adrenalin connect to in a liver cell?
Beta receptor
In a smooth muscle cell in the wall of a blood vessel that supplies skeletal muscle, what happens when Adrenaline connects to the alpha receptor?
Blood vessels dilates, increasing flow to skeletal muscle
What part of the body release TSH?
Anterior pituitary gland
What is TSH?
Thyroid stimulating hormone
What stimulates the release of TSH in the anterior pituitary gland?
TRH from the Hypothalamus
What is TRH
Thyrotropic-releasing hormone
What hormones does the Thyroid gland release in response to TSH?
T3 and T4
What chemical stimulates mil production in female mothers?
OXytocin
What stimulates the release of oxytocin in mothers?
Suckling
Where is oxytocin release from in mothers?
Smooth muscle in mammary glands
What is the homeostasis blood glucose level?
90mg/100ml
Difference between beta and alpha receptors?
Beta dilates/relaxes usually, and alpha constricts
What happens in pancreas when blood glucose levels fall?
Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into the blood
What does glucagon do?
Prevents blood glucose levels form dropping too drastically. It mostly does this by stimulating the conversation of glycogen in the liver to glucose
What is type 1 diabetes?
An autoimmune disorder in which the system destroys pancreatic beta cells (genetic)
What is type 2 diabetes?
Involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells dues to change in insulin receptors
What type of molecule is renin?
An enzyme
What type of molecule is angotensin 2 and aldosterone?
Hormones
What type of molecule is angiotensin 1?
Hormone
What molecule converts angiotensin 1 to 2?
ACE Angiotensin-converting enyme
What does the pineal gland produce?
Melatonin
What hormone raises blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Whee is the parathyroid hormone found?
Parathyroid glands
Where are the adrenal glands found?
Atop the kidneys
What are the two main sections of the adrenal glands?
Adrenal medulla and cortex
What doe sthe adrenal medulla release?
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
What does the adrenal cortex release?
Glucocorticoids
What do glucocorticoids do?
Raise blood glucose levels
