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Module 4 Inflammation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 features of Inflammation?

A

Heat
Pain
Swelling
Redness
Loss of Function

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2
Q

What are the primary Cells of acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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3
Q

What are Neutrophils responsible for?

A

Phagocytosis,Acute infection andinflammation

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4
Q

What are Lymphocytes responsible for?

A

Immunity(B- Cells and T Cells Produced in Bone marrow)

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5
Q

What is the difference between B-Cells and T-Cells? What type of WBC creates these?

A

Lymphocytes
B-Cells- Produce antibodies to fight infection

T-Cells- Protect people from getting infected by destroying cancerous and infected cells

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6
Q

What Cells fight against Parasitic Infectionand Allergic reaction?

A

Eosinophils

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7
Q

What Inflammatory cell is a vasodialator and Histamine producer?

A

Basophils

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8
Q

What are the cells of Chronic infection, and what do they mature into?

A

Monocytes and they mature into macrophages

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9
Q

What are the 5 Types of WBC?

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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10
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

process in which white blood cells come out of the blood vessels into the surrounding area (WBC–> from Blood to tissues)

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11
Q

What is Chemotaxis?

A

the directed movement of cells in a gradient of chemoattractant—is essential for neutrophils to crawl to sites of inflammation and infection

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12
Q

Bleeding and clotting profile has 3 components what are these?

A

Bleeding time (3-6 min)
Clotting time (2-8 min)
Prothrombin time

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13
Q

What are the 3 phases of HEMOStasis?

A

Platelet plug formation
Vascular spasms
Coagulation

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14
Q

What type of process is Inflammation ?

A

A protective or defensive process

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15
Q

The inflammation response involves 3 factors

A

Vascular
Neuralgic
Humoral and cellular at site of injury

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16
Q

Inflammation deals with 2 main processes what are these?

A

Destroying pathogens, and tissue repair

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17
Q

Why does an area swell when shit goes down?

A

Regional sectioning off “Quarantining” –> Blood and lymph are prevented from draining (Prevents bacteria/ virus spreading)

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18
Q

Tissue reaction
Circulatory (Hemodynamic)
Metabolic
Neurological Response
Physiological Defense and Healing reaction to a pathogenic Insult have 3 factors what are these?

A

Disposed of dead/ Dying tissue

Immobilize injured area

Compartmentalize area (confine the area so it doesn’t spread)

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19
Q

The phyiological defense and healing mechanis has a process that involves?

A

Tissue reaction
Circulatory (Hemodynamic)
Metabolic
Neurological Response

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20
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokinestrigger ?

A

Inflammation.

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21
Q

Anti-inflammatory cytokines do what?

A

Stop or lessen inflammation. They relay messages that prevent an excessive immune response that can lead to tissue damage.

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22
Q

Pathologically what are the signs of inflammation?

A

Vasoconstriction followed by Vasodialation

Stasis, Exudation of fluid

Hyperemia

Accumulation of Leukocytes

Deposition of Fibrin

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23
Q

What are Cytokines?

A

Small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cell

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24
Q

What are Pro-inflammatory cytokines ?

A

Produced predominantly by activated macrophages and are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory reactions

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25
What is the difference between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines?
Some cytokines act to make disease worse (proinflammatory), whereas others serve to reduce inflammation and promote healing (anti-inflammatory).
26
Cytokines are detected by WBC’s Who follow the chemical trail what is thic called?
Chemotaxis
27
What we call “scar tissue” is largely?
ECM and fibrin
28
Fibroblasts create?
ECM: Collagen, GAG, Reticular Fibres, Elastic fibres Beta Interferon GAG
29
What are/ what do Beta interferon's do?
(sometimes referred to as interferon beta), released at the end of an immune attack, blocks the action of gamma interferon and helps to reduce inflammation and the body's immune reaction.
30
Fibrinogen is broken down into ? and does what
fibrin Fibrin reattaches the tissue
31
Fibrinogen is cleaved by ?
Thrombin
32
What is Thrombin?
Naturally occurring enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which is an integral step in clot formation
33
Clinically what are the general signs of inflammation?
Heat, Swelling, Redness, Pain, Loss of function
34
What are the primary cell types in Acute and Chronic Inflammation?
Acute- Neutrophils Chronic- Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Plasma
35
Macrophages are what when they are in the blood vessels?
Monocytes
36
When macrophages come to the tissue/ area of inury what do they do?
They will enlarge, and they will transform into macrophage… Monocytes are phagocytic cells that grow bigger.
37
What triggers the inflammatory response?
ANY functional/ structural abnormality -Bacteria -Burn/ injurt -Chemical injury Autoimmune..
38
What will lead to inflammatory/ inflammation process?
ANY function/ structural abnormality that interferes with the bodies natural ability to maintain homeostasis.
39
Non-immunological meechanism includes what kind of injuries?
Mechanical Trauma (Cuts..) Checmical Injury Radiation Injury Injury due to heat or cold Injury by living organism
40
Describe the 3 phases of the inflammarory cascade
1) Redness/ Warmth increases blood flow 2) Swelling/ Pain/ Loss of function increases the vascular permeability 3) Inflammatory cells migrate to tissue (Neutrophilis, Monocytes, Macrophages) "Leukocyte Infiltration"
41
What are the Systemic effects of acute inflammation?
Decreased Appetite, Altered sleep patterns, Fever, Leukocytosis (IL1 and TNF) , T Lymphocytes
42
In regardes to inflammation, the vaso-dilation concep involves what?
Initial transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation causing erythema and warmth Histamine Prostoglandins
43
In regardes to inflammation, the Exudation -Edema concep involves what?
Extravasation and deposition of plasma fluid and proteins Increase interstitial osmotic pressure Histamine, Bradykinin, Leukotrienes
44
What are the 4 events in acute inflammation?
Vasodilation Increased vascular permeability Chemotaxis Tissue Damage
45
Vasodilation in acute inflammation includes what
Prostaglandins Histamine Nitric Oxide
46
Prostaglandins induce?
Vasodilatation
47
What are Prostaglandins?
A group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved in dealing with injury and illness. They control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots and the induction of labour
48
Unlike most hormones, which are produced by glands and transported in the bloodstream to act on distant areas of the body, the prostaglandins are produced?
At the site where they are needed.
49
Increased Vascular Permeability in acute inflammation includes what?
Histamine Anaphylatoxins c3a and c5a Kinins leukotrienes Substance P
50
Chemotaxis in acute inflammation includes what?
Complement Fragment C5a lipoxygenase products Chemokines
51
Chemokines vs cytokines
Cytokines are diverse group of pro- or anti-inflammatory factors that are grouped into families Chemokines are a group of secreted proteins within the cytokine family whose generic function is to induce cell migration
52
Tissue Damage in acute inflammation includes what?
Lysosomal Products O2 derived radicals Nitric Oxide
53
What are the 4 categories of cells of inflammation?
Circulating proteins, Vascular wall Cells, Connective tissues, ECM
54
The Circulating proteins involved in the cells of inflammation include?
Clotting factors Kininogens Compliment Components
55
The Vascular Wall Cells involved in the cells of inflammation include?
Endothelial Cells in direct contact with Blood Smooth Muscle cells that are important for tone
56
The Connective tissue Cells involved in the cells of inflammation include?
Mast Cells Macrophages Lymphocytes Fibroblasts
57
The ECM involved in the cells of inflammation include?
Fibrous Structural proteins (Collagen/ Elastin) Gel forming cells Adhesive glycoproteins (Fibronectin)
58
The vascular Changes where Transudate occurs. What the fuck is this?
Fluids that pass through a membrane or squeeze through tissue or into the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE of TISSUES.
59
The vascular Changes where Exudate occurs. What the fuck is this?
Exudate is fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into nearby tissues.
60
Transudate Vs Exudate
Exudates are fluids, CELLS, or other cellular substances that are slowly discharged from BLOOD VESSELS usually from inflamed tissues. Transudates are fluids that pass through a membrane or squeeze through tissue or into the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE of TISSUES
61
SLIDE 42 REVIEW AND DO THESE Leukocyte cellular events & exudation
SLIDE 42 REVIEW AND DO THESE Leukocyte cellular events & exudation
62
SLIDE 42 REVIEW AND DO THESE Leukocyte cellular events & exudation
SLIDE 42 REVIEW AND DO THESE Leukocyte cellular events & exudation
63
SLIDE 42 REVIEW AND DO THESE Leukocyte cellular events & exudation
SLIDE 42 REVIEW AND DO THESE Leukocyte cellular events & exudation
64
What are the chemicals produced for Phagocytosis?
Lysozyme Lactoferrin Defensins Bactericidal permeability increasing protein
65
During phagocytosis once the neutrophilis/ cells out, What happens?
Kill invading organism, Recognize and attact, Engulf
66
What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?
Antigens allow your body to create a defense against future invaders. Antibodies circulate in your body once created to identify, attack, and destroy the same type of antigens if they enter the body again
67
What has Y-shaped Immunoglobins created, and binds to various antigen-biding sites
Antibody
68
Any molecule that triggers an immune response, and generally large and complex, making it distinguishable from self is called what?
Antigen
69
Plasma cells produce what?
antibodies
70
Each antibody consists of four polypeptides. What are these?
Two heavy chains and Two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule
71
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called ?
Immunoglobulins
72
What are the Complement System's Mechanisms of action?
- Enhanced inflammation - Phagocytossis - Cytolysis - IMMUNE CLEARANCE! (RBCs carry Ag-Ab complexes to macrophages in liver and spleen)
73
Epitopes or antigenic determinants are??
Regions of proteins that can trigger a cellular immune response mediated by T or B cells
74
Immunogenicity is what?
Cells that have the ability to provoke immune response
75
What is the difference between Immunogenicity, and Epitopes?
Epitopes- Stimulate immune responses Immunogenicity- Have the ability to provoke immune response
76
What does a antigens Reactivity mean?
Ability of antigen to react specifically with antibodies it provoked
77
What is Lymphadenopathy?
Collective term for all lymph node diseases
78
What is Lymphadenitis?
Swollen, painful node responding to foreign antigen
79
What causes Elephantiasis?
Blockage by parasitic worms
80
What are the 7 factors that affect wound healing?
Protein Deficency Carbohydrates Fats Vitamin A,B,C,K
81
How does Vitamin A impact wound healing?
Epithelialization Capillary Formation Collagen Synthesis
82
How does Vitamin B impact wound healing?
Cofactors in enzymatic reactions that contribute to the wound healing process
83
How does Vitamin C impact wound healing?
Collagen Synthesis
84
How does Vitamin K impact wound healing?
Preventing bleeding disorders
85
How do protein deficencies impact wound healing?
Impaired Fibroblast proliferation Impaired Collagen and protein matrix synthesis Angiogenesis Wound Remodeling
86
What is Angiogenesis
The formation of new blood vessel
87
How may Destructive enzymes enter extracellular space ?
Premature degranulation Frustrated phagocytosis (large, flat) Membranolytic substances (urate crystals) Persistent leukocyte activation (RA, emphysema)
88
Streptococci is part of what category of inflammation?
Cellulitis
89
What are Carbuncles?
Extensive form of abscess in which pus is present in multiple loci open at the surface by sinuses Occur in the back of the neck and the scalp
90
Coagulative
cell death that occurs when blood flow to cells stops or slows (ischemia). It can occur anywhere in the body except the brain
91
Liquefactive
(Cell Death/ Necrosis) characterized by partial or complete dissolution of dead tissue and transformation into a liquid, viscous mass (yellow because pus is forming)
92
Caseous
Caseous necrosis is a type of cell death that causes tissues to become “cheese-like” in appearance. The most common cause is tuberculosis, where granulomas form in your lungs. Conditions that cause caseous necrosis are preventable and treatable.
93
Two types of Infarctions
Reprofusion and Pale (Red and Pale)
94
What is Red Infarct?
Hemorrhagic infarcts are infarcts commonly caused by occlusion of veins, with red blood cells entering the area of the infarct, or an artery occlusion of an organ with collaterals or dual circulation.
95
White Inrfarct
white or pale infarcts caused by arterial occlusions, and are usually seen in the heart, kidney and spleen. These are referred to as "white" because of the lack of hemorrhaging and limited red blood cells accumulation,
96
Hypertrophic Scar formation Vs Keloid Scar Formation
Hypertrophic scars are contained within the site of injury and may regress over time, while keloids spread beyond the borders of the initial injury and do not regress.
97
Time period for Hypertrophic scars , and keloids Development
Hypertrophic scars develop in 1 to 2 months after injury, whereas, keloids develop months to years after the initial injury.
98

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