Module 5 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What are the various types of transmission methods for disease?
A
Direct Conract
Airbotn
Vehicle
Vector-born
2
Q
What does Vehicle transmission of a disease transmit through?
A
Formites
3
Q
What is a Formite? What type of disease transmission is this associated with?
A
Vehicle Based Transmission
Formites - Transmission through a non-living, mediator Phone, ball, etc.… Touching the same thing that someone else did
NON LIVING
4
Q
What is the difference between Vector Based and vehicle based transmission of disease
A
Vehicle Transmission (Formites Non-Living organism attachment)
Vector base - Needs a living organism
5
Q
What are the 4 types of pathogens?
A
– Viruses– Bacteria– Fungi– Parasites
6
Q
What is the difference between pathogens and toxins?
A
Pathogens- Microbes that cause disease
Toxins- Organic molecules, bacterial cells
7
Q
What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatics?
A
Collect Large particles and tissue fluid
Transport fats from the digestive tract to the blood stream
Host Defense
8
Q
The lymphatics main functions include Transport fats from the digestive tract to the blood stream how is this done?
A
In Chylomicrons
9
Q
The thoracic duct for lymphatic drainage is what? and contains?
A
Larger and Longer!
BEGINS AS CISTERNA CHYLI
10
Q
The Thoracic duct receives lymph from where? Through what major structure? and empties where?
A
Cisterna Chyli (L1/2)
Below Diaphragm
Left/ Arm, head
Neck, Thorax
Empties in to L Subclavian Vein
11
Q
Cisterna Chyli receives lymph from?
A
R and L Lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk
12
Q
The Right lymphatic duct receives lymph from? and drains?
A
Empties into R Subclavian vein
Right Arm, R side of head and thorax
13
Q
The Right jugular trunk, subclavian trunk, and bronchomediastinal trunk give their lymph to where?
A
Right Lymphatic duct
14
Q
The cervical lymph node cluster drains?
A
Head and Neck
15
Q
The Hilar lymph node cluster drains?
A
Lungs
16
Q
The Mediastinal lymph node cluster drains?
A
Trachea and esophaugus
17
Q
The axillary lymph node cluster drains?
A
Upper limb, breast, skin above umbilicus
18
Q
Celiac lymph node cluster drains?
A
Liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, upper duodenum
19
Q
The Superior mesenteric lymph node cluster drains?
A
Lower duodenum, jejunium, ileum, colon to splenic flexure
20
Q
The Inferior Mesenteric lymph node cluster drains?
A
Colon, from splenchnic flexure to upper rectum
21
Q
The internal iliac lymph node cluster drains?
A
Lower rectum to anal canal, Bladder, Vag, Cervic, Prostate
22
Q
The para-aortic lymph node cluster drains?
A
Testesm Overies, Kidneys, Uterus
23
Q
The Superficial Inguonallymph node cluster drains?
A
Skin below Umbilicus, scrotum, Vulva
24
Q
The popliteal lymph node cluster drains?
A
Forsolateral foot, Posterior calf
25
The Right lymphatic duce trains?
Right side of the body above Diaphragm
26
What is the follicle? and what happens here
Site of B-cell Localization and proliferation
27
What is the responsibility of the paracortex of a lymph node?
House T-Cell, Contains High endothelial venules through which T &B Cells enter from the blood.
28
What happens to the paracortex during ?
Extreme cellular immune response
29
The spleen is what?
Site for immune surveillance and response
30
What does the spleen remove?
Debris, foreign matter, toxins, bacteria, viruses, old blood cells
31
What does the spleen Control?
Controls the level of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets
32
What is the difference between IL1 and IL2
IL1- increase nonspecific resistance to infection and development of the immune response to foreign antigens.
IL2- immunoregulatory role; it promotes the growth and development of peripheral immune cells
33
What is IL1?
IL1- increase nonspecific resistance to infection and development of the immune response to foreign antigens.
34
Compliment Fixation Occurs where?
Spleen
35
What is Compliment Fixation part of?
Innate Immune System
36
In the spleen where are the T Cells found?
Periarteriolar Lymphatic Sheath with white pulp
37
In the spleen where are the B Cells found?
Follicles within the White Pulp
38
What is the Marginal Zone in the spleen? what is here?
Zone between Red and White Pulp.
Contains Macrophages and specialized B cells
39
Where do Antigen presenting cells capture blood born antigens?
In the Marginal Zone of the spleen
40
What Will splenic dysfunction display (IG?Compliment activation? Mechanism?)
Decrease IGM
Decrease Compliment Activation
Decrease C3b Opsinoization
Increase suspetibility to encapulsated organism
41
Postsplenectomy ? Know the weird name shit
Howell-Jolly Bodies (Nuclear Reminants)
Thrombocytosis
Lymphocytosis
42
What are Howell-Jolly Bodies (Nuclear Remnants)?
Howell-Jolly bodies are often seen when there is loss of splenic function as in congenital asplenia, after surgical removal, or in autosplenectomy in sickle cell anemia.
43
Where do T Lymphocytes Mature and are produced?
T cells migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus where they mature and differentiate
into different types of T cells, such as CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells.
44
Where are B lymphocytes produced? And where do they mature?
B lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow
Mature: In Spleen?
45
What happens in the Thymus?
Site of maturation of T lymphocytes takes place
Secretes hormones (thymopoietin and thymosins)
Critical role in childhood
46
What is DiGeorge Syndrome?
NO THYMUS
47
In Myasthenia Gravis what happens to the Thymus?
Enlarged
48
What is the difference between Innate and Aquired immunity?
Innate--> NON-specific, Inflamation, acute, COMPLIMENT FIXATION
Aquired--> SPECIFIC, based on exposure, specificity based on Memory
49
A Broadly effective, no prior exposure immune response could be classified as ?
Nonspecific defenses (Innate System)
50
What are the Possible Mechanism of Innate Immunity; Barriers?
Skin and mucous Membranes
- Epidermis, Cilia, Nose Hair
51
What are the Possible Mechanism of Innate Immunity; Non-Barriers? (2)
Fluids
- Lacrimal apparatus
- Lysosome breakdown (Cell walls)
Chemicals
- Sebum
- Gastric Juice
-ACIDS
52
What are the 4 mechanisms of innate defense?
Physical Barriers
Phagocytes
Immunological Surveillance
Interferons
53
Interferons are released by?
Activated Lymphocytes, macrophages, virus infected cells
54
What System and response is associated with the innate defense?
Compliment System
Inflammatory Response
55
Fever is associated with what type of defense?
Innate
56
Adaptive immunity system creates what type of reaction?
Antigens- Antibody reaction
57
Adaptive immunity is medieated by what?
Cell-Mediated
Antibody-Mediated
58
Cell-Mediated Adaptive immunity uses what type of cells? and this is effective against?
Cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens
Effective against intracellular pathogens, some cancer cells and foreign tissue transplants
59
Antibody- Mediated Adaptive immunity uses what type of cells? and this is effective against?
B cells transform into plasma cells making antibodies (Abs) or immunoglobulins
Works against extracellular pathogens in fluids outside cells
60
Histological Capability complex (I) is associated with what type of Clusters of differentiation 4 molecule is this associated with ?
MHC I --> CD8 and Cytotoxic T Cells
61
Histological Capability complex (II) is associated with what type of Clusters of differentiation 4 molecule is this associated with ?
MHC II --> CD4 + Helper T cells
62
Which Histological Capability complex is associated with endogenously synthesized antigens?
Major Histological Capability complex, associated with CD8 cells and Cytotoxic T CElls
63
The neutrophils within the Antigen-Antibody Reaction have what properties?
Acute inflammation
Highly mobile phagocytes
Containing bacterial killing –enzymes
Multi-lobular Nucleus
64
The Monocytes within the Antigen-Antibody Reaction have what properties?
Migrate into peripheral tissues
Are precursors to macrophages
Highly mobile phagocytic cells
Oval, Kidney-bean Shaped Nucleus
65
The Eisonphils within the Antigen-Antibody Reaction have what properties?
Stain with an acidic red eosin stain
Attracted to foreign compounds reacted with antibodies
2-lobed nucleus Kill pathogens by releasing substances that kill them
66
The Basophils within the Antigen-Antibody Reaction have what properties?
Stain with a deep purple of blue basic dye
Migrate to damaged tissue and release their granules
Release histamines
Inflammatory response; increase capillary permeability
67
What are the Primary cell of the lymphatic system?
Lymphocytes (specific-immunity)
B-cells produce antibodies that bind foreign particles
NK cells; immunological surveyors. Always remain in circulation. They don’t take up residence in tissues.
68
What are the 3 categories of TH Cells
Macrophage, IL1/2
69
Macrophages activating factors lead to what and is what type of response?
Inflammation, Chemotaxis --> NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE
70
IL-2 activating factors lead to what and is what type of response?
B-Cell Clonal HUMORAL IMMUNITY
71
IL-1 Activating factors lead to what and is what type of response?
ACTIVATING OF CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
CELLULAR IMMUNITY!
72
What is the major function of B cells?
Recognize antigens, and undergo hypermutation to optimize antigen specificity
73
What is the major function of T cells?
CD4+T cells help B cells make antibodies and profuced cytokines
74
CD8+ T cells directly?
Kill virus-infected cells
75
Memory T cell?
Antigen-specific T cells that remain long-term after an infection has been eliminated
Based on Antigen exposure, will remain dormant until needs to be reacalled
76
Suppressor T cells?
Release lymphokine that inhibit T and B cell activity, prevents the immune system from damaging self
77
Humeral immunity.. what are the 5 steps?
1) Immunocompetent B Cells exposed to antigen.
2) B Cell displays processed antigen fragments. Helper T Cell Binds to B cell and secretes helper factor
3) Helper factor stimulates B cell to divide repeatedly and form a cl
4) Some cells of the clone become memory B cells. Most differentiate into plasma cells
5)Plasma cells synthesize and secrete antibody
78
What are the mechanisms of action of the compliment system?
Enhanced inflammation
Phagocytosis
Promoted by opsonization
Cytolysis
79
Antigens are what, and do what?
Proteins (Glycoprotein ect)
Trigger an immune response
80
Epitopes, do what and cant do?
Stimulate immune responses, can not fully provoke
81
Immunogenicity propeties of antigens means?
Ability to provoke immune response
82
What are the 2 binding sites on an antibody?
2 binding sites (Fragment Compliment, and FAB Antigen Binding fragment)
FC segment – Compliment (Fragment compliment)
FAB- Fork of the Y Fragment antigen binding site
83
IgG EXPLAIN! (Compliment system, placents...)
Most common response is slow and onset, delayed or prolonged reactions, activate compliment system, cross placenta.
84
IgA
PREVENTS ATTACHINGt of pathogens with mucosal surface
Produced in GI
Released into Tears, Breast milk, Saliva
85
IgM
Response in acute/ immediate (2nd type of immune antigens that activate compliment system) (Can not cross placenta)
86
What immunoglobis can't cross the placenta?
IgA and IgM are excluded from crossing the placenta.
87
What immunoglobins can activate the Compliment system?
IgG and IgM
88
IgD
No one fucking knows
89
IgE
Binds Mast Cells, Basophils--> medieating immediate Type ! hypersensitivity through inflammatory medieators (Histamine)
90
A Response in allergic response binding to mast cells and basophils stimulate histamine production is associated with which immunoglobin?
IgE
91
Which immunoglobin can transfer through the breast milk?
IgA
92
Which immunoglobulin can Cross the placenta?
IgG
93
How do antigens provide immunity?
Fragment antigen binding
94
Opsonization promotes what?
Phagocytosis
95
Neutralization/ (Activate compliment system) does what?
Prevent the binding of antigens with mucosal surface/ host surface--> Since antigen can’t bind with mucous surface they need to anchor to whole surface Since they need to be over the whole surface they will be secreted.
96
What are the 3 mechanisms that cells deal with antigens?
Opsonization, neutralization, Compliment activation
97
What is Elephantiasis?
Blockage by parasitic worms (filariasis parasitic infection (Africa countries) Overflow!!!
Elephantitis blocks lymph drainage.. So it overflows
98
What is the classical pathway for the Compliment system?
IgA or IgM
99
If we dont have a spleen we dont have a ?
Spleen out = down compliment system
100
Low T Cells from a bacterial infection will show how?
Sepsis
101
(Bruton) agammaglobulinemia is what type of cell deficency? and what are the symptoms?
No B-Cell Maturation
No B-Cell Maturation (Because they mature in nodes no nodes! No factory for maturation)
Decrease in all Ig's
102
Selective IgA Deficiency is what type of cell deficency? and what are the symptoms?
Selective – only IgA deficient!! Compliment system present
(Selective, ONLY ONE) mostly asymptomatic
found in mucous membranes, mainly in the respiratory and digestive tract, icrobial invasion and maintain immune homeostasis with the microbiota
103
What is Common variable immunodeficiency?
Defect in B-cell Differentiation
Decrease Immunoglobulins and Plasma
104
DiGeorge syndrome ?
Thymic aplasia (Thymus not there) / Site of maturation of T lymphocytes
105
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?
T & B Cell deficiency SHITTINGGGG
106
Ataxia- telangiectasia
T & B Cell deficiency (ATM gene deficent)
(Cerebral Defects)
(Ataxia)
Spider Angiomas (Telangiectasia)
Decrease in IgA, G, E
107
Hyper-IgM Syndrome
T & B Cell deficiency
Normal or increased IgM
Decreased IgG, IgA, IgE
108
Kaposi Sarcoma
Cancer originates in endothelial cells of blood vessels causes purple lesions in skin
109
Wiskott- Aldrich Syndrome
T & B Cell deficiency
Lower than normal IgG/M
Increasse IgA/E
thrombocytopenia (Bleeding disorder)
Eczema
110
Failure of the immune system to distinguish self from foreign antigens. Immune systems produces antibodies against bodies is called?
Autoimmune Disease
111
What are the 4 types of Hyper-sensitivity Reactions? (ACID)
Anaphylactic
Cytotoxic
Immune Complex
Delated
112
Which of the types if hypersensitvity reactions are acute?
Anaphylactic
Cytotoxic
Immune Complex
113
What is Type 1 Hyper-sensitivity Reactions? (ACID)
Anaphylactic and Atopic (Type I) Acute
114
What is Type 2 Hyper-sensitivity Reactions? (ACID)
Cytotoxic (Antibody Mediated Type II) IgM, IgG (Sex = 2) Acute + antigen/antibody required
115
What is Type 3 Hyper-sensitivity Reactions? (ACID)
Immune Complex (Type II) Acute (3 to make a 3 some) ACUTE antigen, antibody, compliment (RA)
116
What is Type 4 Hyper-sensitivity Reactions? (ACID)
(Cell Mediated Type Iv) SLOW NOT acute like the first 3 which require the antigen/ antibody CD8 Cells NO antigen/ body reaction MS, Jewelry reaction. Transplant rejection)
117
Type 2 Hyper-sensitivity Reaction can have what mechanisms, and what immunoglobulins? (ACID)
Cytotoxic- IgM,IgG
Bind to fixed antigens on the antigen
118
Type I Hypersensitivity is a reaction mediated by? and What are these responsible for?
Anaphalyctic (Triggers immediate release of vasoactive amines
IgE antibodies.
Binds Mast Cells and Basophils, expose
IgE Type I hypersensitivity reaction
119
Type II Hypersensitivity is mediatd by? and what type of Immunoglobins (What are their characteristics?)
Cytotoxic antibody mediated
IgG Main antibody in delated responses to antigen **Crosses placenta, provides infant with passive immunity**
IgM **Immediate response to antigens, Similar to IgG but dosent cross the Placent
120
What types of hypersensitivities are antibody mediated?
Types I,II,III
121
What are the 3 mecahisms associated with Type II hypersensitivity?
Opsonization
Complement system
antibody mediated
122
Hypersensitivity Type III is mediated by?
Reaction mediated by immune complexes
Antigen, antibody -compliment
123
Hypersensitivity Type IV is mediated by? Does this involve antibodies?
Delayed (T-Cell Mediated)
DOES NOT INVOLVE ANTIBODIES
