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BIO 315 - Microbiology > Module 5 - Bacterial Genetic Analysis and Manipulation > Flashcards

Module 5 - Bacterial Genetic Analysis and Manipulation Flashcards

1
Q

Which scientist wondered whether sexual crossing/genetic exchange occurred in bacteria?

A

Joshua Lederberg

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2
Q

What type of mutants can ONLY grow if the growth medium contains the appropriate amino acids or vitamins?

A

Nutritional mutants

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3
Q

How to describe this condition: met- strain needs methionine but NOT proline to grow in the medium

A

met- pro+

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4
Q

How to describe this condition: pro- strain requires proline but NOT methionine to grow in the medium

A

pro- met+

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5
Q

What kind of chromosomes do bacterial cells exhibit (GENERALLY)

A

Single, circular

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6
Q

What structures are known as smaller, circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the chromosome?

A

Plasmids

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7
Q

What are accessory functions that plasmids contain genes for?

A
  • Antibiotic resistance

- Degradation of toxic substances

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8
Q

What is the term used to describe the hereditary material of a bacterial cell, including BOTH the chromosome(s) and any existing plasmids?

A

Genome

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9
Q

What is bacteria Streptomyces responsible for? What kind of chromosome does it exhibit?

A
  • Producing soil bacteria

- Linear chromosome

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10
Q

What is bacteria Borrelia burgdorfer responsible for? What kind of chromosome does it exhibit?

A
  • Causative agent of human Lyme’s disease

- Linear chromosome

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11
Q

What is bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens responsible for? What kind of chromosome does it exhibit?

A
  • Plant tumor

- Circular chromosome, linear chromosome, and 2 large circular plasmids

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12
Q

What is the term use to classify each chromosome and plasmid?

A

Replicon

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13
Q

In cells containing plasmids, each cell has a controlled number of plasmid numbers known as the …?

A

Copy number

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14
Q

What makes plasmids incompatible?

A

When they cannot exist stably within a population of cells

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15
Q

What happens during plasmid incompatibility?

A

Cell loses count of how many copies of each of the two plasmids exist within the cell

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16
Q

What is the term used to describe the typical or representative characteristics of a species?

A

Wild-type strain

17
Q

What is Sinorhizobium meliloti?

A
  • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

- Most commonly studied wild-type strain

18
Q

A cell or strain possessing a mutation, or a change in its DNA sequence relative to the comparable sequence in the wild-type strain is called?

A

A mutant

19
Q

What is another term for “form of the gene”?

A

Allele

20
Q

What is the term that describes a loss in gene function, regaining of function of previously mutated gene, or modification of gene function (results in phenotypic change)

A

Mutation

21
Q

What are two other ways that mutations arise besides spontaneously?

A
  • UV light

- DNA-damaging chemicals

22
Q

How are genes named?

A

Three-letter, lowercase, italicized

23
Q

What is the term that describes the alleles within an organism?

A

Genotype

24
Q

What method of detecting mutants involves plating bacteria on a selective growth medium that only allows strains with a particular combination of phenotypic characteristics to grow and form a colony?

A

Phenotypic Selection

25
Q

What method of detecting mutants does not prevent the growth of cells with a wild-type phenotype rather all cells form colonies under the tested conditions?
- Usually necessary for recovering mutants for which there are no identified conditions under which they can grow

A

Screening

26
Q

What method of detecting mutants are colonies lifted from one plate using a piece of sterile velvet cloth and then deposited onto a fresh plate?

A

Replica plating

27
Q

What question did Esther Lederberg’s experiment prove?

A

Can fitness increase through mutation without a direct selection for that that?

28
Q

How did Salvador Luria and Max Delbruck further investigate whether mutations originate randomly and spontaneously?

A

Investigated the generation of resistance in E. coli to infection with the bacteriophase T1

29
Q

What is the term given to bacterial proteins that cleave DNA at specific sequences?

A

Restriction enzymes

30
Q

Short DNA sequence, usually of 4, 6, or 8 base pairs are also known as?

A

Restriction site

31
Q

What does the restriction site recognize?

A

Palindromic site

32
Q

What is term to describe reverse and put together

A

Ligate

33
Q

What makes the separate pieces of DNA easy to ligate?

A

Sticky ends

34
Q

What is the term to describe a cut somewhere in the middle of a chain

A

Endonuclease

35
Q

What results after ligation and annealing?

A

2 new recombinant DNA

BIO 315 - Microbiology (8 decks)

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