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BIO 315 - Microbiology > Module 3 - Archaea > Flashcards

Module 3 - Archaea Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

What are some similarities of Archaea and Bacteria?

A
  • Size
  • No nucleus (instead have nucleoid)
  • Single circular molecule
  • Both have similar shape (rods, cones, exc)
  • Both have flagella
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2
Q

What are some differences of Archaea and Bacteria?

A
  • Genome sequencing (archaea resemble eukaryotes more than bacteria)
  • Unlike Bacteria, Archaea contain histones
  • Cell wall composition (peptidoglycan in bacteria vs. pseudomuruein in archaea)
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3
Q

Which cell wall contains N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid?

A

Archaea (pseudomurein)

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4
Q

Which cell wall contains N-acetylmuramic acid?

A

Bacteria (peptidogylcan)

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5
Q

Which cell wall contains B-1,3- glycosidic bonds?

A

Archaea (pseudomurein)

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6
Q

Which cell wall contains B-1,4-glycosidic bonds?

A

Bacteria (peptidogylcan)

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7
Q

What are the amino acids in pseudomurein?

A

1-stereoisomers

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8
Q

What are the amino acids in peptidoglycan?

A

d-stereoisomers

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9
Q

What distinguished Archaea from Bacteria?

A
  • Sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA

- Characterized group of microorganisms capable of producing methane

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10
Q

What are organisms that produce methane called?

A

Methanogens

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11
Q

What is the function of histones?

A

To condense/compact the DNA, allowing more DNA to be packaged within a smaller area

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12
Q

Which domain does not contain histones?

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

Which domain contains a histone tetramer? How many base pairs of DNA?

A
  • Archaea

- 60 bp

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14
Q

Which domain contains a histone octamer? How many base pairs of DNA?

A
  • Eukarya

- 160 bp

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15
Q

What do they presence of histones indicate about the evolutionary history of archaea?

A

Suggests that histones evolved after the split between bacteria and archaea but before eukarya evolved

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16
Q

What are the eukaryal proteins?

A
  • Tubulin

- Actin

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17
Q

What are the bacterial proteins?

A
  • FtsZ
  • MreB
  • ParM
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18
Q

Which domain do archaeal cytoskeleton proteins resemble?

A

Eukaryal actin

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19
Q

What does the plasma membrane in bacteria and eukarya consist of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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20
Q

What does the plasma membrane in archaea consist of?

A

Isoprenoids

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21
Q

What are hydrocarbon molecules built from 5-carbon isoprene subunits attached to glyercol 1-phosphate (G1P) called?

A

Isoprenoids

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22
Q

What are the 5-carbon ispoprene subunits attached to?

A

Glycerol 1-phosphate (G1P)

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23
Q

What is the G1P head group?

A

Stereoisomer of the molecule found in bacteria and eukarya

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24
Q

Are isoprenoids linked to the glycerol via ether/ester linkages?

A

Ether

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25
Are phospholipid bilayers linked via ether/ester linkages?
Ester
26
What is the most commonly used isoprene polymer in many archaea? #-carbon hydrocarbon?
- Phytanyl | - 20-carbon hydrocarbon
27
What is the alternate used isoprene polymer in archaea? #-carbon hydrocarbon?
- Biphytanyl | - 40-carbon hydrocarbon
28
With species that contain biphytanyl, what is linked to both ends of the isoprene polymer?
Phosphoglycerol molecule
29
Is a biphytanyl membrane a phospholipid monolayer/bilayer?
Monolayer
30
What archaeal species are phospholipid monolayer most commonly associated with?
Archaeal species that live at very high temperatures
31
Which phospholipid layer is more rigid and offers increased stability at high temperatures?
Monolayer
32
What are tiny vesicles made from cell membrane material called?
Liposomes
33
Which phospholipid layer has more stable at high temperatures?
Monolayer
34
What is the functional role of the outer membrane of the genus Ignicoccus?
Generation of energy across the outer membrane
35
What is the functional role of the inner membrane of the genus Ignicoccus?
Undergoes constant reorganization
36
Why is the archaeal cell well less susceptible to antibiotics?
Their cell wall lacks peptidogylcan, which is an excellent target for antibiotics due to their enzymes concerned with synthesis
37
Which domain contains flagella composed of multiple copies of a single flagellin subunit?
Bacterial flagella
38
Which domain contains flagella composed of several different subunits?
Archaeal Flagella
39
Which domain do flagellin monomers add to the base of the growing filament?
Archaeal Flagella
40
Which domain do flagellin monomers add to the tip of the growing filament?
Bacterial Flagella
41
Which domain exhibit N-linked glycosylation?
Archaeal Flagellins
42
Which domain exhibit O-linked glycosylation?
Bacterial Flagellins
43
Which domain of flagella are 10-14nm
Archaeal
44
Which domain of flagella are 20-24nm?
Bacterial
45
What are the two major phyla of archaea?
Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota
46
What are two major groups of Euryarchaeotes?
Methanogens and Halophiles
47
Where can we find methanogens?
Where CO2, and H are found (necessary substrates)
48
Are methanogens aerobic or anaerobes?
Anaerobes
49
Organisms that can survive only in anoxic, or oxygen-free environments are called?
Anaerobes
50
Most of the Euryarchaeota phylum are called?
Thermophiles or hyperthermophiles
51
Organisms whose optimal growth temperatures are greater than 55C or 80C, respectively, are called?
Thermophiles; Hyperthermophiles
52
Organisms that grow in low-pH environments are called?
Acidophiles
53
Species that grow not only at elevated temperatures, but also at high pressure are referred to as what?
Barophiles
54
Which phylum of Euryarchaeota has a larger percentage of a-helical regions
Thermophiles
55
What does an increased a-helical content lead to?
- Increased proportion of arginine and tyrosine | - Strengthened interactions between amino acids
56
Why is a strengthened interaction between amino acids beneficial to thermophiles?
Allows the protein to maintain its shape at elevated temperatures
57
What do hyperthermophiles rely on?
Molecular chaperones
58
Proteins that help fold proteins, or refold denatured proteins, to maintain functionality are called?
Molecular chaperones
59
Archaeal chaperonins resemble which other domain' chapteronins?
Eukaryal
60
What protein complex appears to be abundant and instrumental in hyperthermophilic archaea?
Thermosome
61
What organisms can only grow with NaCl concentration of at least 1.5M?
Halophiles
62
Are methanogens or halophiles environments more common?
Methanogens
63
What challenge must a high-salt environment present?
Osmotic shock
64
When the ion concentration outside of the cell much higher than the ion concentration inside the cell, this is known as what kind of environment?
Hypertonic
65
When the ion concentration outside of the cell is less than the ion concentration inside the cell, this is known as what kind of environment?
Hypotonic
66
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic environment
Shrinks
67
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic environment
Swells
68
What well-studied halophile was used to combat the problem of osmotic shock?
Halobacterium salinarum
69
What does Halobacterium salinarum do to prevent the efflux of water?
Maintains a high intracellular concentration of K+ ions
70
What members possess a novel means of obtaining additional energy when exposed to low-oxygen conditions?
Halobacterium
71
What are the two ways that halobacterium acquire energy?
- Phototrophy | - Bacteriorhodopsin
72
The acquisition of energy from sunlight is called?
Phototrophy
73
The energy present in sunlight is harvested by another molecule is known as?
Bacteriorhodopsin
74
What are the adaptations of Crenarchaeaota that allow them to withstand extreme environments?
Plasma membranes containing tetraether lipds, or lipid monolayers
75
What absorbs the energy present in sunlight in bacteriorhodopsin?
Retinal
76
What does bacteriorhodopsin function as?
Protein pump; proton motive force

BIO 315 - Microbiology (8 decks)

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