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BIO 315 - Microbiology > Module 3 - Archaea > Flashcards

Module 3 - Archaea Flashcards

1
Q

What are some similarities of Archaea and Bacteria?

A
  • Size
  • No nucleus (instead have nucleoid)
  • Single circular molecule
  • Both have similar shape (rods, cones, exc)
  • Both have flagella
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2
Q

What are some differences of Archaea and Bacteria?

A
  • Genome sequencing (archaea resemble eukaryotes more than bacteria)
  • Unlike Bacteria, Archaea contain histones
  • Cell wall composition (peptidoglycan in bacteria vs. pseudomuruein in archaea)
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3
Q

Which cell wall contains N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid?

A

Archaea (pseudomurein)

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4
Q

Which cell wall contains N-acetylmuramic acid?

A

Bacteria (peptidogylcan)

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5
Q

Which cell wall contains B-1,3- glycosidic bonds?

A

Archaea (pseudomurein)

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6
Q

Which cell wall contains B-1,4-glycosidic bonds?

A

Bacteria (peptidogylcan)

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7
Q

What are the amino acids in pseudomurein?

A

1-stereoisomers

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8
Q

What are the amino acids in peptidoglycan?

A

d-stereoisomers

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9
Q

What distinguished Archaea from Bacteria?

A
  • Sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA

- Characterized group of microorganisms capable of producing methane

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10
Q

What are organisms that produce methane called?

A

Methanogens

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11
Q

What is the function of histones?

A

To condense/compact the DNA, allowing more DNA to be packaged within a smaller area

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12
Q

Which domain does not contain histones?

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

Which domain contains a histone tetramer? How many base pairs of DNA?

A
  • Archaea

- 60 bp

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14
Q

Which domain contains a histone octamer? How many base pairs of DNA?

A
  • Eukarya

- 160 bp

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15
Q

What do they presence of histones indicate about the evolutionary history of archaea?

A

Suggests that histones evolved after the split between bacteria and archaea but before eukarya evolved

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16
Q

What are the eukaryal proteins?

A
  • Tubulin

- Actin

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17
Q

What are the bacterial proteins?

A
  • FtsZ
  • MreB
  • ParM
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18
Q

Which domain do archaeal cytoskeleton proteins resemble?

A

Eukaryal actin

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19
Q

What does the plasma membrane in bacteria and eukarya consist of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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20
Q

What does the plasma membrane in archaea consist of?

A

Isoprenoids

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21
Q

What are hydrocarbon molecules built from 5-carbon isoprene subunits attached to glyercol 1-phosphate (G1P) called?

A

Isoprenoids

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22
Q

What are the 5-carbon ispoprene subunits attached to?

A

Glycerol 1-phosphate (G1P)

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23
Q

What is the G1P head group?

A

Stereoisomer of the molecule found in bacteria and eukarya

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24
Q

Are isoprenoids linked to the glycerol via ether/ester linkages?

A

Ether

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25
Q

Are phospholipid bilayers linked via ether/ester linkages?

A

Ester

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26
Q

What is the most commonly used isoprene polymer in many archaea? #-carbon hydrocarbon?

A
  • Phytanyl

- 20-carbon hydrocarbon

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27
Q

What is the alternate used isoprene polymer in archaea? #-carbon hydrocarbon?

A
  • Biphytanyl

- 40-carbon hydrocarbon

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28
Q

With species that contain biphytanyl, what is linked to both ends of the isoprene polymer?

A

Phosphoglycerol molecule

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29
Q

Is a biphytanyl membrane a phospholipid monolayer/bilayer?

A

Monolayer

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30
Q

What archaeal species are phospholipid monolayer most commonly associated with?

A

Archaeal species that live at very high temperatures

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31
Q

Which phospholipid layer is more rigid and offers increased stability at high temperatures?

A

Monolayer

32
Q

What are tiny vesicles made from cell membrane material called?

A

Liposomes

33
Q

Which phospholipid layer has more stable at high temperatures?

A

Monolayer

34
Q

What is the functional role of the outer membrane of the genus Ignicoccus?

A

Generation of energy across the outer membrane

35
Q

What is the functional role of the inner membrane of the genus Ignicoccus?

A

Undergoes constant reorganization

36
Q

Why is the archaeal cell well less susceptible to antibiotics?

A

Their cell wall lacks peptidogylcan, which is an excellent target for antibiotics due to their enzymes concerned with synthesis

37
Q

Which domain contains flagella composed of multiple copies of a single flagellin subunit?

A

Bacterial flagella

38
Q

Which domain contains flagella composed of several different subunits?

A

Archaeal Flagella

39
Q

Which domain do flagellin monomers add to the base of the growing filament?

A

Archaeal Flagella

40
Q

Which domain do flagellin monomers add to the tip of the growing filament?

A

Bacterial Flagella

41
Q

Which domain exhibit N-linked glycosylation?

A

Archaeal Flagellins

42
Q

Which domain exhibit O-linked glycosylation?

A

Bacterial Flagellins

43
Q

Which domain of flagella are 10-14nm

A

Archaeal

44
Q

Which domain of flagella are 20-24nm?

A

Bacterial

45
Q

What are the two major phyla of archaea?

A

Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota

46
Q

What are two major groups of Euryarchaeotes?

A

Methanogens and Halophiles

47
Q

Where can we find methanogens?

A

Where CO2, and H are found (necessary substrates)

48
Q

Are methanogens aerobic or anaerobes?

A

Anaerobes

49
Q

Organisms that can survive only in anoxic, or oxygen-free environments are called?

A

Anaerobes

50
Q

Most of the Euryarchaeota phylum are called?

A

Thermophiles or hyperthermophiles

51
Q

Organisms whose optimal growth temperatures are greater than 55C or 80C, respectively, are called?

A

Thermophiles; Hyperthermophiles

52
Q

Organisms that grow in low-pH environments are called?

A

Acidophiles

53
Q

Species that grow not only at elevated temperatures, but also at high pressure are referred to as what?

A

Barophiles

54
Q

Which phylum of Euryarchaeota has a larger percentage of a-helical regions

A

Thermophiles

55
Q

What does an increased a-helical content lead to?

A
  • Increased proportion of arginine and tyrosine

- Strengthened interactions between amino acids

56
Q

Why is a strengthened interaction between amino acids beneficial to thermophiles?

A

Allows the protein to maintain its shape at elevated temperatures

57
Q

What do hyperthermophiles rely on?

A

Molecular chaperones

58
Q

Proteins that help fold proteins, or refold denatured proteins, to maintain functionality are called?

A

Molecular chaperones

59
Q

Archaeal chaperonins resemble which other domain’ chapteronins?

A

Eukaryal

60
Q

What protein complex appears to be abundant and instrumental in hyperthermophilic archaea?

A

Thermosome

61
Q

What organisms can only grow with NaCl concentration of at least 1.5M?

A

Halophiles

62
Q

Are methanogens or halophiles environments more common?

A

Methanogens

63
Q

What challenge must a high-salt environment present?

A

Osmotic shock

64
Q

When the ion concentration outside of the cell much higher than the ion concentration inside the cell, this is known as what kind of environment?

A

Hypertonic

65
Q

When the ion concentration outside of the cell is less than the ion concentration inside the cell, this is known as what kind of environment?

A

Hypotonic

66
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic environment

A

Shrinks

67
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic environment

A

Swells

68
Q

What well-studied halophile was used to combat the problem of osmotic shock?

A

Halobacterium salinarum

69
Q

What does Halobacterium salinarum do to prevent the efflux of water?

A

Maintains a high intracellular concentration of K+ ions

70
Q

What members possess a novel means of obtaining additional energy when exposed to low-oxygen conditions?

A

Halobacterium

71
Q

What are the two ways that halobacterium acquire energy?

A
  • Phototrophy

- Bacteriorhodopsin

72
Q

The acquisition of energy from sunlight is called?

A

Phototrophy

73
Q

The energy present in sunlight is harvested by another molecule is known as?

A

Bacteriorhodopsin

74
Q

What are the adaptations of Crenarchaeaota that allow them to withstand extreme environments?

A

Plasma membranes containing tetraether lipds, or lipid monolayers

75
Q

What absorbs the energy present in sunlight in bacteriorhodopsin?

A

Retinal

76
Q

What does bacteriorhodopsin function as?

A

Protein pump; proton motive force

BIO 315 - Microbiology (8 decks)

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